WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD - Essay Example That is, they outline that the most factor is the financial. In fact, they go into the depths to clarifying their research by considering the number factors for students solution, the way the students use their credit cards, how much money does the student have to pay for their loan, the amount of money the students owe from other people, whether students ever drop off school due to their financial problems or students reducing their credit cards for financial problems. They also consider whether students are open to share their financial problems with the professors about their loan debt and consumer debt. Through their findings, it is clear that the issue of burn of debt may ease if some programs of educating students are started in the schools. Therefore, it enhances financial control. In addition, in the section of the Relationship of students personality traits and psychosocial characteristics with academic retention their research is based on whether the characteristics of the achievers academic and non-achievers academically are similar in a way or they are completely different from each other. In fact, they did a sample to justify themselves by talking some student who were undergraduate students who were enrolled in the college programs and giving them a personality questionnaire and the collage student questionnaire whereby its aim was to measure the factors of psychosocial. After the research they found that in their MANOVAs and indepent t-tests that they have many differences such as the primary factors, globally personalities and even the pyschosiacil factors. In addition, their research shows that time management is affected by personal traits or the psychosocial either directly or indirectly. In fact, it shows that students have different characteristi cs and behaviors, therefore each student Is unique. In the section of the negative impact of time

American Airlines Essay Example for Free

American Airlines Essay 1. Issues 2. American Airlines objectives 3. The airline industry 4. Market 5. Consumer needs 6. Brand image 7. Distribution system 8. Pricing 9. Marketing related strategies 10. Assumptions and risks 1- Issues The main issue of this case is the lack of profits of the airline industry, an industry that should be more than profitable due to the large amount of customers, the necessity of using airlines services and the high prices charged by most of these airlines. What we are going to deal with is, why is this happening? And how is American airlines dealing with this problem?. To be able to discuss how American airlines wants to regain profitability, we must identify and analyse different issues such as, the companys background, the airline industry as a whole, the demand for air travel, the marketing strategies, the distribution systems, pricing policies etc. 2- American Airlines objectives American Airlines prime objective is to bring back value to air travel, through stimulating business travel, lowering prices etc. So in other words American Airlines main objective is to become as profitable as possible. To understand better the companys objectives we first have to focus on the companys background, this way we will find out why the airline is not as profitable as it should, and what kind of a change is needed. American Airlines had been the largest airline in the United States for a long time. In 1990 and 1991 due to a recession and the Gulf War, demand for air travel dropped drastically, for this reason, fare wars started and all the airlines incurred massive losses. 3- The Airline industry and the market The airline industry is large, specially in the United States, mainly due to the Deregulation of the industry. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board was created to control the growth of the air transportation industry. This board had the authority to control entry, exit, prices and methods of competition. In the late 1970 this structure was found inefficient and in 1978 deregulation took place. Due to the deregulation of the industry competition intensified, prices dropped, and the number of people travelling increased. Many new companies  emerged and regional airlines saw deregulation as an opportunity to expand. Due to the rise in competition, by 1986 mergers started to take place and in 1987 64.8% of the market was controlled by the four largest airlines. The demand for air travel is determined mainly by price, studies revealed that half of the leisure travellers and on quarter of business travellers did not have a preference for a particular airline, which means that prices determined the preference. So the strategy to compete for customers consisted mainly in pricing and flight schedules. The demand for flights varies depending on the season or the business cycle therefore airlines have to develop different pricing strategies and offers depending on the season or the business cycle period. An other determinant for demand is technology, the new telecommunication possibilities have made air travelling unnecessary in some cases, which of course has affected airlines revenues. 4- Consumer needs. Consumer needs are clear, what airline consumers need is basically god prices and good flight schedules. These are the basic needs, apart from these ones we could also point out other needs such as big, comfortable seats for long flights, good service on board, good food, punctual departures, check-in facilities, movie channels, etc. All these are consumer needs, but studies have shown that demand is mainly determined by price and a flight schedules, the rest just add value to these two, therefore companies must focus on ways to lower prices and provide good flight timetables. There are two types of travellers, business travellers and leisure travellers, these two of course have different needs, for the first ones price is not so important because usually the company pays for it on the other hand punctuality and flight schedules are very important to them. For leisure travellers the most important thing is usually price, and the rest comes after that. But as I said before consumer needs can be summarised in these to price and schedules. 5- Brand image American Airlines brand image is good, due to its successful background and its new marketing strategies. In 1991 American Airlines was the biggest airline in the United States, and the reason for it is that this airline was pioneer in many fields gaining competitive advantage over the other airlines. When deregulation took part in 1978, American transformed in  such a way that it became the industrys market share leader. American had also pioneered several policies that affected the industrys structure and standard practices. In the late 1960s, American introduced the first computerised airline reservation system, which revolutionised the marketing and distribution of the travel industry. American also introduced the super saver fares in 1977, which was the first programme of deep discounts for leisure travellers, and in 1981, American launched the first frequent-flier programme, which created brand loyalty towards the airline. American Airlines is constantly developing new strategies, and introducing new technologies, and this is why its brand image is so high. Some of the new innovations that American Airlines is introducing are, the any time fares for business, new plan ahead for leisure, lower first class fares, etc. 6- The distribution system The main distribution system for air travel is the travel agent, which provides not only the flight ticket, but also supplementary services such as car rentals, hotels, excursions, etc. Airlines ask the agents to make reservations and deliver tickets. There is a difference in the distribution of tickets for business travellers and leisure travellers. Leisure travellers deal always with the agent, but for business travellers sometimes the airlines make deals directly with the companies. Airlines also make special offers to large corporate buyers, like price discount for frequent flier travellers, or quantity discounts. Nowadays there are other distribution systems, such as on line booking, and airlines home delivery tickets. 7- Pricing After the deregulation, pricing policies changed drastically, airlines started to offer a wide variety of fares discounted below the regular price. These discount were accompanied by several restrictions such as advanced booking, no refund, no changing dates, etc. Therefore people unwilling to meet these restrictions paid a higher price. At American Airlines management was viewed as selling the right seat to the right person, this means that they search for ways to find out who is willing to pay a higher price, and how can they make him pay a higher price. By 1991, the industrys pricing structure had become enormously complex. Americans flights involved maintaining 500,000 fares. By late 1991 93% of the tickets  were sold at one kind of a discount or another. And the average discount was 63%. Due to the complex pricing structure American developed the value pricing plan. This plan consisted in: First for any given flight there would be only four different fares. Second, all fares would be mileage-related, and finally, the new fares were set below the levels of comparable existing fares so lower prices would be available to more business and leisure travellers. 8- Marketing related strategies Some the marketing strategies carried out by American Airlines have been: -Computerised reservation Systems: This system changed the industrys marketing and distribution systems. This system stored information about, flights, seats availability and fares. Which made the booking and distribution a lot easier. CRS systems gave American Airlines a great competitive advantage over the other airlines, as booking fees by CRS enabled American to earn substantial amounts from its competitors. -Hubbing: With hubbing, flights from various origins on spokes of the network are channelled through an intermediate location, where they change planes and are re-routed to their final destination. This way the airline can serve more locations with fewer planes. -Frequent Flyer programmes: These programmes provide discounts or bonuses to frequent travellers. The value of the bonuses increase as the mileage flown increase, the bonuses can take various forms such as, fare reductions, upgrades to better classes or even free tickets. 9- Assumptions and risks In my opinion all of this strategies are brilliant, the only risk I see is in hubbing, customers sometimes dont want spend additional time changing planes, there is the risk of missing connecting planes, luggage may get lost, etc. In the rest of the strategies I dont see any risks what so ever.

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance INTRODUCTION Medicinal chemistry is the branch of science, which has remarkable value for synthesis of novel drugs with intense therapeutic activity. It concerns with discovery, development, identification and interpretation of mode of action of biologically active compounds at molecular level. The molecular biological revolution and progressive mapping of human ‘genome’ have created a new biochemical and biostructural ‘world order.’1 These developments have provided new challenges and opportunities for drug research in general and drug design in particular. Pure organic compounds, natural or synthetic products are the chief source of agents for the cure, the mitigation or the prevention of disease today. The major objectives of the medicinal chemists are transformation of pathobiochemical and physiological data into a ‘chemical language’ with the aim of designing molecules interacting specifically with the derailed or degenerating processes in the diseased organisms. The development of chemotherapy during past 60 years constitute one of most important therapeutic advances in history of medicine and antimicrobial drugs are the greatest contribution of present century to therapeutics2. Potential therapeutic targets are being disclosed with increasing frequency and the exponential growth will continue during the next decades. In this situation there is a need for rapid and effective target validation and for accelerated lead discovery procedures. Organic chemists are increasingly directing their attention towards synthetic aspects of biomolecules and biologically active compounds, biosynthesized by plants and animals. Many important biochemical compounds and drugs of natural origin contain heterocyclic ring structures. Many of them are employed in treatment of many infectious diseases due to their specific activity, but their use in treatment is attributed to their inherent toxicity to various pathogens. DIKETO ANALOGUES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial The quinolones3 are well known synthetic antibacterial agents with di keto moiety some examples are Ciprofloxacin (1) Norfloxacin (2). Boteva4 et al synthesized some Halogen Substituted 4,5-dibenzoyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione derivatives (2-6) evaluated for Antibacterial Activity. Anti HIV The first report of a class of compounds that inhibit HIV integrase appeared in 1992. Aurin tricarboxylic acids and derivatives were determined to inhibit 3’ processing of viral cDNA with moderate iC50 values of 10-50micromolar. Thus the 1st pharmacophore with integrase inhibitory activity was determined i.e. aromatic rings with multiple hydroxyl substituents positioned on same ring or present close together in a 3D space if rings stack on top of each other. Since then considerable amount of work has been carried out in developing potential inhibitors of integrase taking the above compounds as leads. Presently there is only one FDA approved drug used as integrase inhibitor i.e. Raltegravir or Isentress, (7) approved in 2007. Elvitegravir (8) is another potential integrase inhibitor which is in phase III clinical trial5. THIOPHENE ANALOGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Thiophene (9) and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing broad biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory6, analgesic6, antioxidant7, antitubercular8, antidepressant9, sedative9, antiamoebic10, oral analgesic11, antimetabolite12, and antineoplastic properties13. Antimicrobials Thiophene analogues have been known as antibacterials. In the year 2007 Stephane et al14 reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylbenzothiophenes (10) and diarylthiophenes. (11) (10) (11) In the year 2010 Kavitha P N et al15 reported the antimicrobial activity of 3- amino-2- mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (12-17) by using B. subtilus, K. pneumonia and A. niger. Desai Akshay et al16 reported the synthesis of 2-thiophene-2- ethylthioureido-4- morpholino-6-(aryl) ureido-s-triazines.(18-23) These analogs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. typhi, C. albicans. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al17 reported synthesis of 4-hydrazino-2- mehylthio-5-ethyl-6- methylthieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine (24) which is evaluated as antimicrobial agent by using B.cereus, V.cholerae, A.alternate. (24) Shiradkar M. et al18 reported synthesis of N-[3-(substituted)-7H- [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine / thiadiazol-4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophenes (25-32) as good antimicrobial agents by using E.coli, S.aureus, A.nigar. Ahmed M. M. et al19 reported synthesis of 4-(substituted)-7-cyano- 6-phenyl aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidins (33-34) and evaluated as good antimicrobial agents by using B.subtilis and St.aureus, compared with reference drug Amoxicillin. The 6-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(substituted)-3H-thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-ones (35-38) has been reported by Chander Mohan et al20 and evaluated for antimicrobial activity by using B. subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al21 reported synthesis of thieno[3,2-e] imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-2(3H)ones (39) which was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S.typhi and A.alternatacompare to reference drugs Ampicillin with Nystatin. (39) Shetty Nitin kumar et al22 reported synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5- c]pyrimidine -8-ones (40-42) and evaluated for antibacterial activity against B. subtilis comparable to ampicilin. References : Larsen PK, Liljefors T, Madsen U, editors. Text book of drug design and discovery. 3rd ed. London: Taylor Francis; 2002. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM Pharmacology, 4th edition Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1999: 648 Wilson Gisvold, Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 10th edition, Lippincott publication Philadelpia 196-203. A.A Boteva, O. P. Krasnykh, S.S.Dubrovina, M. I. Vakhrin, E.B. Babushkina, T.F. Odegova, I.V. Solova, Pharm Chem J , 2008, 42 (8), 12-15. Vincenzo Summa AlessiaPetrocchi, Fabio Bonelli, BenedettaCrescenzi, Monica Donghi, Marco Ferrara, Fabrizio Fiore, Cristina Gardelli, Odalys Gonzalez Paz, Daria J. Hazuda, Philip Jones, Olaf Kinzel, Ralph Laufer, Edith Monteagudo, Ester Muraglia, EmanuelaNizi, Federica Orvieto, Paola Pace, Giovanna Pescatore, Rita Scarpelli, Kara Stillmock, Marc V. Witmer, and Michael Rowley, J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5843–5855. F.M. Moghaddam, H.Z. Boinee, An efficient and facile one-step synthesis of highly substituted thiophenes, Tetrahedron 60 (2004) 6085-6089. K.I. Molvi, M. Mansuri, V. Sudarsanam, et al., Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of some tetrasubstituted thiophenes, J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem. 23 (2008) 829-838. M.K. Parai, G. Panda, V. Chaturvedi, Y.K. Manju, S. Sinha, Thiophene containing triarylmethanes as antitubercular agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 18 (2008) 289-292. W. Wardakhan, O. Abdel-Salam, G. Elmegeed, Screening for antidepressant, sedative and analgesic activities of novel fused thiophene derivatives, Acta. Pharm. 58 (2008) 1-14. S. Sharma, F. Athar, M.R. Maurya, A. Azam, Copper(II) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against E. histolytica, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 40 (2005) 1414-1419. O. F. William, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd. ed., Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publication, Philadelphia, 1989. A.A. Sagardoy, M. J. Gil, R. Villar, et al., Benzo[b]thiophene-6-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides: Inhibitors of human cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 5701-5707. A.A. Fadda, E. Abdel-Latif, R.E. El-Mekawy, Synthesis and molluscicidal activity of some new thiophene, thiadiazole and pyrazole derivatives, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44 (2009) 1250-1256. Jeremie Fournier dit Chabert, Beatrice Marquez, Luc Neville, Lionel Joucla, Sylvie Broussous, Pascale Bouhours, Emilie David, Stephane Pellet Rostaing, Bernard Marquet,a Nicole Moreaub and Marc Lemairea, Synthesis and evaluation of new arylbenzo[b]thiophene and diarylthiophene derivatives as inhibitors of the NorA multidrug transporter of Staphylococcus aureus, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 15 (2007) 4482–4497. Kavitha PN, Vijayanthimala P, Saravanan J, Mohan S. Research Journal of Pharma- ceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010; 1(2):124-130. Desai A, Mahajan HD, Ind Jour Chem, 2007; 46(B):1169-1173. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Shiradker M, Kale R. Ind Jour Chem, 2006; 46(B):1009-1013. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Mohan C, Bhargava G, Bedi PMS. J Life Sci, 2009; 1(2):97-101. Bhuiyan MH, Rahman KM. Acta Pharm., 2006; 56: 441-450. Nitinkumar SS, Lamani RS, Khazi IAM. Journal of Chem Sci, 2009; 121(3):301-307.

Infertility Essay -- Health, Reproduction, Sperm Hyperactivation

Infertility is a significant and common problem; approximately 9% of couples throughout the world are infertile with 56% of couples needing treatment (Boivin et al, 2007). Study by Mike Hull demonstrated that sperm dysfunction is the single most common cause of male infertility (Hull, 1985). This observation has been confirmed by other studies with report that dysfunctional sperm may exist against entirely normal semen analysis and conversely normal sperm function with very poor samples (oligozoospermia) (3-4 in Cris paper). Without a clear understanding at cellular and molecular level of sperm dysfunction, the only effective treatment for these cases is assisted reproductive technology (ART). It is generally accepted that diagnostic and predictive value of conventional semen analysis is very poor in predicting sperm fertilising potential of infertile couples. As result of this, numerous studies on assessing the cells’ functional competence and diagnose sperm dysfunctions have been developed over the last few years in an attempt to assess the predictive value of these tests for the outcome of in-vitro fertilisation. One of the most important parameters of sperm function is hyperactivation. For fertilisation to occur, spermatozoa must undergo capacitation either in vivo (in the female reproductive tract) or in vitro (in conditioned culture medium), which involves a sequence of membrane and metabolic changes, including transition of progressive motility to a highly irregular movement (hyperactivation). Hyperactivated motility is displayed by sperm swimming in the oviduct and has several physiological advantages, which could certainly help sperm to move effectively through different obstacles in the female reproductive tract e.g.... ...rtilisation rate was studied in prepared sperm samples that were surplus following treatment, to eliminate inter ejaculate-variation. The aims of this study were to examine (1) the incidence of Ca2+ store failure among sub fertile patients and its clinical significance in male infertility; (2) the relationship between % hyperactivation and intracellular Ca2+ level in response to Ca2+ -store mobilising agents; (3) if intracellular Ca2+ and HA are related to IVF success; (4) if hyperactivation in response to Ca2+ -store mobilising agents is biomarker to differentiate between men with normozoospermic samples and patients with severe male factor infertility; and (5) if impaired store mobilisation is stable problem in these patients or vary between ejaculates, this is achieved by recalling sub fertile patients with store malfunction to be examined further. Infertility Essay -- Health, Reproduction, Sperm Hyperactivation Infertility is a significant and common problem; approximately 9% of couples throughout the world are infertile with 56% of couples needing treatment (Boivin et al, 2007). Study by Mike Hull demonstrated that sperm dysfunction is the single most common cause of male infertility (Hull, 1985). This observation has been confirmed by other studies with report that dysfunctional sperm may exist against entirely normal semen analysis and conversely normal sperm function with very poor samples (oligozoospermia) (3-4 in Cris paper). Without a clear understanding at cellular and molecular level of sperm dysfunction, the only effective treatment for these cases is assisted reproductive technology (ART). It is generally accepted that diagnostic and predictive value of conventional semen analysis is very poor in predicting sperm fertilising potential of infertile couples. As result of this, numerous studies on assessing the cells’ functional competence and diagnose sperm dysfunctions have been developed over the last few years in an attempt to assess the predictive value of these tests for the outcome of in-vitro fertilisation. One of the most important parameters of sperm function is hyperactivation. For fertilisation to occur, spermatozoa must undergo capacitation either in vivo (in the female reproductive tract) or in vitro (in conditioned culture medium), which involves a sequence of membrane and metabolic changes, including transition of progressive motility to a highly irregular movement (hyperactivation). Hyperactivated motility is displayed by sperm swimming in the oviduct and has several physiological advantages, which could certainly help sperm to move effectively through different obstacles in the female reproductive tract e.g.... ...rtilisation rate was studied in prepared sperm samples that were surplus following treatment, to eliminate inter ejaculate-variation. The aims of this study were to examine (1) the incidence of Ca2+ store failure among sub fertile patients and its clinical significance in male infertility; (2) the relationship between % hyperactivation and intracellular Ca2+ level in response to Ca2+ -store mobilising agents; (3) if intracellular Ca2+ and HA are related to IVF success; (4) if hyperactivation in response to Ca2+ -store mobilising agents is biomarker to differentiate between men with normozoospermic samples and patients with severe male factor infertility; and (5) if impaired store mobilisation is stable problem in these patients or vary between ejaculates, this is achieved by recalling sub fertile patients with store malfunction to be examined further.

Refusal in Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener

The apparently peculiar protagonist of Herman Melville’s short story, Bartleby, the Scrivener, is a man whose attitude becomes marked by general refusal in the end. After being a diligent scrivener for the lawyer who narrates the story, Bartleby becomes increasingly recluse and resistant, until his speech is almost reduced to a single phrase: â€Å"I would prefer not to. †His refusal to perform at his job, to leave the office and finally to eat, seems, at first, extravagant and gratuitous. However, as it shall be seen, Bartleby embodies the idea of passive resistance against oppression.The lawyer, who is here the narrator of the story as well, represents the pragmatic and materialistic life. Wall Street, which is the most famous street associated with the business world, becomes here a symbol of pragmatism. Significantly, the office where Bartleby is employed is enclosed within walls that obstruct the view at the window. Bartleby, who stares at the great wall incessantl y, is the idealist whose metaphysical revolt crashes against the pragmatic world of business he is a part of. The story is told by a lawyer, who is obviously puzzled by Bartleby’s unaccountable behavior.Because he does not know how to react to Bartleby’s refusals, the lawyer attempts to play a charitable role and let him stay on the premises, without asking him to work anymore. He gives up on his bizarre scrivener however, when he sees that his business has to suffer because of Bartleby’s presence. As many other of Melville’s characters, the copyist is a Transcendentalist, who tries to see life beyond the superficial. He refuses the lawyer’s commands and offers because he believes that business makes man obliterate his own perception of a deeper reality.Bartleby’s thesis is that human action is useless, and he wraps his thesis in the form of negative preferences, giving to understand that he couldn’t act otherwise precisely because it is not a simple matter of will. He seems absolutely paralyzed in inaction, gradually renouncing almost all occupation. As an explanation to the character’s strange behavior, the narrator recalls that Bartleby’s former employment had put him in charge of the ‘dead letters’ or the letters that have reached a dead man at their destination.The former employment obviously added to Bartleby’s belief in the vanity or uselessness of human action in the form of business or commercial employment. Bartleby’s inaction clearly contrasts with the agitated world of business: â€Å"Sometimes an attorney having business with me, and calling at my office, and finding no one but the scrivener there, would undertake to obtain some sort of precise information from him touching my whereabouts; but without heeding his idle talk, Bartleby would remain standing immovable in the middle of the room† (Melville 38).His clash with this pragmatic world is significa nt: he refuses to be involved in the superficial employments of those who do not nurture their own spirits and choose to live artificially. Melville’s association with Transcendentalism is acknowledged. Bartleby’s view on life can be therefore explained with the use of the Transcendentalists’ philosophy. Thus, in Life without Principle, Thoreau remarks that the one element that is completely opposed to poetry and life itself is business: â€Å"I think that there is nothing, not even crime, more opposed to poetry, to philosophy, ay to life itself, than this incessant business†(Thoreau 1).Thoreau continues his idea by giving example of men who were involved in businesses that are immoral, such as the â€Å"gold rush† to California. According to Thoreau, a business which implies that one man will take advantage of another, without actually performing something useful, is offensive to religion and to the divinity: â€Å"It makes God be a moneyed gentl eman who scatters a handful of pennies in order to see mankind scramble for them† (Thoreau 1). In the same way, in his lecture Man the Reformer, Emerson criticizes the practice of business and commerce, when these surpass man’s primary needs.According to Emerson, to the extent that it is possible, man should depend on his own powers for at least a part of the manual labor, in order to have a direct relation to the world: â€Å"But the doctrine of the Farm is merely this, that every man ought to stand in primary relations with the work of the world, ought to do it himself, and not to suffer the accident of his having a purse in his pocket, or his having been bred to some dishonorable and injurious craft, to sever him from those duties†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Emerson 1).Thoreau’s and Emerson’s ideas about business are illustrated by Bartleby’s attitude towards his employer’s profession and the world of Wall Street. Bartleby is sensitive to the fact tha t such an employment keeps men from enjoying life for its real value. His peculiar behavior and his absolute refusal of the lawyer’s proposals show that he holds a different view of life, than that of the common people.Bartleby’s contemplative nature is a further hint that he is immersed in thoughts and meditations and refuses to take part in the shallow activities of the men who surround him. The main character is Melville’s short story is therefore a social misfit, who refuses to acknowledge the superficial world of business that the modern man has walled himself in. With the Transcendentalists, Bartleby is focused on contemplation and understanding of the deeper reality, refusing to become involved in a world of petty and purely materialistic concerns.? Works Cited: Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Man the Reformer. † The Transcendentalist, 2001. Ed. J. Johnson Lewis. Retrieved at July 30, 2009. http://www. emersoncentral. com/manreform. htm. Melville, Herm ann. The Complete Shorter Fiction. London: Everyman’s Library, 1997. Thoreau, Henry David. â€Å"Life without principle. † The Transcendentalist, 2001. Ed. J. Johnson Lewis. Retrieved at July 30, 2009. http://www. transcendentalists. com/life_without_principle. htm.

A List of German Riddles and Their Answers

A List of German Riddles and Their Answers Learning a new language doesnt have to be so serious. Let your laughter help you learn.   Here are eight fun German riddles to help you practice reading and speaking the language. Can you guess the answers? We will post them in a separate section below so you have the chance to guess.   Memorize your favorite riddle  for an extra challenge.   Ich hab zwei Flà ¼gel und kann nicht fliegen.Ich hab einen Rà ¼cken und kann nicht liegen.Ich hab ein Bein und kann nicht stehen.Oft trag ich Brillen und kann nicht sehen.Was  bin ich?Was ist das, das im Wasser lebtund noch am Sternenhimmel schwebt?Das im Kalender ruhig ist,sonst aber Menschen plagt und frisst?Schwarz kommt es in die Kà ¼chen,rot stehts dann auf den Tischen.Klein bin ich, groß,und deine Lebensquelle.Ich werd erobertund geraubt,und bleib dochauf derselben Stelle.Auch bin ich noch,von vielen nicht geglaubt,dein Himmel, deine Hà ¶lle.Im Drehen muss ich gehen,und niemand kann es sehen.Doch alle mà ¼ssen mit mir fortund bleiben doch an ihrem Ort.Ohne Fà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e um die WetteEil ich fort im schnellsten Lauf.Hà ¶re Tag und Nacht nicht aufUnd bin doch stets im Bette.Ich mache hart,ich mache weich,ich mache arm,ich mache reich.Kommst du zu nah,wirst du verzehrt,doch sterb ichwo man mich entbehrt.Ich bin am Berg, am Buch,bald hà ¶ckerig, bald schlicht.Ich geh euch i mmer nach,ihr aber seht mich nicht. Es ist ein Schutz, wie eine Haut,bei Birken, Linden, Eichen.Doch wenn man was bestimmtes isst,mag mans daran nicht leiden. Answers die Nasede Krebsdas Herzdie Erdeder Flussdas Feuerder Rà ¼ckendie Rinde

How to transform your teams communication skills

How to transform your teams communication skills A catalogue for transforming communication skills Writing is one of those work activities that we just assume we can do. So much so that its not even something we tend to give much thought to. Yet in the last decade or two, its silently taken over our working lives. Email alone accounts for a staggering four hours of an average workers day, according to a recent survey by Adobe of more than 4,000 workers across Europe and the US. And thats before theyve even begun to include bids, slide decks, reports, letters, procedures or policies. But how many of those communications engage their audience and get results? And how many damage relationships that then take months to repair (if they ever are)? It only takes a moments thought to realise that few skills are more important today than the ability to communicate well. We’re here to help You may know us from our regular business-writing tips and blog posts. You might have already been on an Emphasis business-writing course, either as an individual or with your company. Or maybe you’ve downloaded a copy of The Write Stuff: our free, comprehensive guide to business writing. However, you might not be aware of the full range of training services we offer that can bridge this critical skill gap. This includes our unique, pre-course writing analysis, which shines a spotlight on the documents you or your team produce, and reveals which areas are the priorities to improve. We have just the course for you To help you, we’ve created an interactive PDF guide to our services, which includes not just business writing but also communication skills courses. For example, we have created a new and innovative presentation skills course, The reluctant presenter. Its aimed at people who have a deep fear of presenting, and is delivered by trainers who have overcome their own fears and can share their secrets. We’ve also developed the worlds most comprehensive online business-writing course, called Emphasis 360. To learn more about any of our programmes, and how they can help transform your teams (or your own) communication skills, download a copy of our course catalogue now. You can also call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888 for a chat with one of our friendly team. Image credit: Rawpixel.com / Shutterstock

Learn What a Feature Story Is

Learn What a Feature Story Is Ask most people what a feature story is, and theyll say something soft and puffy, written for the arts or fashion section of a newspaper or website. But in fact, features can be about any subject, from the fluffiest lifestyle piece to the toughest investigative report. And features arent just found in the back pages of the paper, the ones that focus on things like home decor and music reviews. In fact, features are found in every section of the paper, from news to business to sports. In fact, if you go through a typical newspaper from front to back on any given day, chances are the majority of the stories will be written in a feature-oriented style. The same is true on most news websites. So we know what features arent; but what are they? Feature stories arent defined so much by subject matter as they are by the style in which they are written. In other words, anything written in a feature-oriented way is a feature story. These are the characteristics that distinguish feature stories from hard news: The Lede A feature lede doesnt have to have the who, what, where, when and why in the very first paragraph, the way a hard-news lede does. Instead, a feature lede can use description or an anecdote to set up the story. And a feature lede can run for several paragraphs instead of just one. Pace Feature stories often employ a more leisurely pace than news stories. Features take time to tell a story, instead of rushing through it the way news stories often seem to do. Length Taking more time to tell a story means using more space, which is why features are usually, though not always, longer than hard news articles. A Focus on the Human Element If news stories tend to focus on events, then features tend to focus more on people. Features are designed to bring the human element into the picture, which is why many editors call features people stories. So if a hard news story recounts how 1,000 people are being laid off from a local factory, a feature story might focus on just one of those workers, portraying their grief at losing their job. Other Elements of Feature Articles Feature articles also include more of the elements that are used in traditional storytelling - description, scene-setting, quotes and background information. Both fiction and non-fiction writers often say their aim is to  have readers paint a visual portrait in their minds of what is happening in a story. Thats also the goal of feature writing. A good feature writer does anything she can to get readers engaged with her story, whether by describing a place or a person, setting a scene or using colorful quotes. An Example: The Man Who Played Violin in the Subway To demonstrate what were talking about, take a look at the first few paragraphs of this story by Gene Weingarten of The Washington Post about a world-class violinist who, as an experiment, played beautiful music in crowded subway stations. Note the expert use of the feature-oriented lede, the leisurely pace and length, and the focus on the human element.

Semi-conductor Devices and Circuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Semi-conductor Devices and Circuits - Essay Example The other terminal of the secondary transformer provides the negative. The load is cut across by the resistor. Figure 2 Voltage and current waveform of a half-wave rectifier Voltage relationship The half-wave rectifier states that the load voltage vL is Vdc and expressed in the following diagram. The load voltage is equal to 0 and the angular frequency of the source is w = 2? = T. This is expressed in the following diagram. From the diagram above, we can get the half-wave: Half-wave Vdc = Vm = 0.318Vm ? I.2 Full-wave rectification The full-wave rectification can be produced in two types: the center-tapped and the bridge rectification. I.2.1 The full-wave center-tapped The full-wave with center-tapped transformer has two diodes acting as half-wave rectifiers and whose negative ends are connected to the two terminals of the transformer secondary. The two diodes provide a full-wave output. The DC currents of the two half-wave rectifier diodes are equal and opposite. (Lee & Chow 2011, p. 150) Figure 3 Schematic diagram of full-wave rectification with center-tapped transformer secondary I.2.2 The bridge rectifier The bridge rectification uses four diodes to provide full-wave rectification, and this does not use a center-tapped transformer. The bridge rectification uses four diodes to provide full-wave rectification, and this does not use a center-tapped transformer. The rectification is done in such a way that the current flows D3 and D4, conduct when the negative half-cycle.... The positive and negative half-cycles of a full-wave rectifier are expressed in the following formula. The full-wave is: Vdc = 2Vm = 0.636Vm ? I.3 Zener regulator Most application of zener diode is as shunt voltage regulator; its specific role is to regulate the load voltage. There are various uses or applications for a zener diode, such as: 1. Voltage regulating element in voltage regulators 2. Protector in a circuit 3. Zener or voltage limiter Figure 5 The application of zener diode in a regulator circuit is shown in the figure below. In this circuit, zener diode is used as shunt regulator. The zener diode compensates for the variation in load current; the zener drifts with the temperature. The drift characteristics are given in many zener diode datasheets. Its load regulation is adequate for most supply specifications for integrated circuits. It has a higher loss than the series-pass type of linear regulator because its loss is set for the maximum load current. The zener shunt reg ulator uses a simple formula where input voltage is greater than output voltage; the output is controlled by the zener diode. The zener shunt regulator is typically used for very local voltage regulation for less than 200mW of a load. A series resistance is placed between a higher voltage and is used to limit the current to the load and zener diode. I.4 Switching and amplifier circuits for transistors An ordinary transistor has three terminals for the base, emitter and collector. When it is in the OFF position, the output comes from the collector of a common-emitter stage. A digital circuit usually operates in two modes. (The transistor amplifier n.d.) Transistors are used for switching and amplifiers in circuits. In digital logic, transistors have the ability to switch

Film Nior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Nior - Essay Example Phyllis Dietrichson seduced Walter into killing her husband so that she could benefit from his insurance policy and this made him trick the husband into signing the policy that insured his life for $50,000. Walter accused her of trying to get him to kill her husband and refused but Phyllis convinced Walter how abusive her husband was thus making him agree to kill Dietrichson so that the amount could be doubled due to a fatal accident on a train (Wilder Film). When Dietrichson took the train to attend a college reunion, Walter killed him and posed as him before jumping off the train and placing the body on the tracks making it look like he had fallen off the train to his death. Walter's supervisor was suspicious of Dietrichson's death and further suspected that the wife must have organized the killing. Dietrichson's daughter also told Walter that she believes Phyllis murdered her mother in order to marry her father making him suspect that Phyllis has left him for her lover, Nino Zache tte. The crime falls apart because of the two characters’ absolute mistrust of one another prompting Walter to shoot Phyllis dead and drive to the insurance office to record his confession (Wilder Film). Brick Brick film was produced in 2005 and was written and directed by Rian Johnson that embodies a lot of visual traits of classic film noir and has a very dark plot. Rian was inspired by the hardboiled detective novels written by Dashiell Hammett, and set out to create a unique detective film like the Film Noirs prompting him to choose a contemporary Neo Noir in High School. Brendan Frye who broke up with his girlfriend Emily received a phone call from Emily asking him to assist her since she was in trouble. Emily mentioned some names such as "brick", "poor Frisco", "tug", and "the Pin" that Brendan did not know much about particularly after Emily abruptly and fearfully hanged up the phone conversation. As part of investigation, Brendan arranged to meet Emily at Dode’ s place but Emily refused to talk about the matter thus leaving Brendan in much suspense. Nevertheless, Brendan managed to secretly acquire a hint from Emily’s notepad when he was embracing her and this became very useful in his investigation particularly after she found Emily’s dead body (Rian Film). Brendan discovered that the names mentioned by Emily over the phone conversation were drug barons whom Emily was associated with and even asked the Pin to consider him for a spot in his operation when Laura told Brendan that The Pin had rejected Emily's attempt to join the group. According to Laura, refusal to admit Emily in the drug dealers’ group prompted her to steal the title's brick. As much as Laura offered to help Brendan in carrying out the investigation, he does not trust her especially after he sleeps with her and notices that she must be part of the group which he suspects to have murdered Emily. The fight between r Tug and The Pin, which caused the Pinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s death made Brendan to run away from the police and passes the trunk of Tug's car, where he had hidden the body to ensure that police pin Emily’s murder on Tug. Interestingly, Brendan was very much aware that Laura was a culprit he was looking for and he later went ahead to set Laura to the school administration and accused her of Emily’s murder (Rian Film). Self-Deception The two movies greatly show the aspect of self-deception in many ways living some one wonder whether

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Sociology - Essay Example In this paper, the author presents Foucault’s ideas on the discourse of criminality vis-Ã  -vis other sociological theories, such as labelling theory, symbolic interactionism, and social imagination. Thereafter it will be argued that perhaps, such theories in fact fall within the relations of power that Foucault insists are components of discourse, demonstrating the extent of Foucault’s theory. Disciplinary institutions are, by and large, places where power is exercised and coursed through various mechanisms, but not merely for its own sake. The latter observation is made by subjecting the study of such institutions to a reversal: is it really the simple case that power is found only on one side, exerting its influence through restrictions and rules? The answer as per Foucault is ‘no.’ Not only can power be understood in the negative, it can also be seen in the positive, as a productive relationship. This is an aspect of power relations that is either overlooked or altogether dismissed. Without doubt, it is in Discipline and Punish (1977) that Foucault’s concern with discipline and surveillance becomes even more pronounced than his other genealogical works. Here he examines the progressive sophistication of disciplinary mechanisms such as punishments employed in prisons that are in fact, upon closer scrutiny, representative of the same progression of di sciplinary mechanisms in society. He undertook an examination of power relations using the penal institution as a take-off point, for the primary reason that it is here where the different disciplinary techniques used in the exercise of power are more evident. At the outset, he shows how torture and execution was made a public spectacle, with the condemned man being paraded in a manner deemed suited to the crime he committed. Interestingly however, public tortures and executions soon became a ‘hidden’ affair, with the condemned man being transferred

Managing people and organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing people and organization - Essay Example The specific gap has been identified by Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010); their article entitled as ‘The psychology of rivalry: A relationally dependent analysis of competition’ aims to offer adequate explanations on the relationship between rivalry and competition both regarding the individuals and the organizations. Through the above study, the following fact is revealed: competition among individuals has similarities with the competition developed between organizations. In this way, the following assumption can be made: the response of organizations to the pressures of their competitors is depended on the perceptions of their managers on rivalry; the latter is not just an element of human behavior; rather, it can be a cause for promoting competition among organizations – based on the fact that organizational decisions are made by individuals who are expected to use their own perceptions and experiences when having to develop various organizational plans. The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) has been critically reviewed in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses but also its contribution in the explanation of organizational behavior. It is concluded that the specific article is extremely valuable in terms not just of its subject but also of its structure and content. Article Importance The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) can be characterized as quite important helping to realize the role of rivalry for the development of various decisions. Especially in regard to the area of organizational behavior, the specific article helps to understand how the responses of firms to their competitors can be explained and evaluated. The value of the article for the particular field can be also identified at the following two points: a) existing studies regarding the role of rivalry in organizational competition are quite limited; in fact, up today, the relationship between the personal attitudes – as rivalry can be primarily characterized – and the organizational initiatives has not been explored; through the article under examination the dependency of organizational decisions on personal beliefs – referring to the beliefs of rivals when these persons have to participate in the development of a key organizational decision – is analytically explained; b) competition is a key part of organizational activities; however, the causes and the elements of competition have not been adequately examined in the past; the article under examination offers valuable information on a specific aspect/ cause of competition: the rivalry which can be related to the initiatives of both individuals and organizations. Article’s Critique In order to understand the value of the article under examination within the field of ‘organizational beh

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION - Essay Example In recent years, Integrated Marketing Communication, a newly emerging and young academic framework, has become a very strategic and magical bullet that is found to help a firm achieve sustainable competitive advantage. IMC is a careful coordination of varying promotional tools such as sales promotion, personal selling, advertising, event marketing, public relation with a view to facilitate effective brand communication along with ensuring of consistency in every message (Lamb, hair and McDaniel, 2008,p. 413). This paper discusses the advertising strategy of Milky Way and explains different promotional strategies, measuring of the effectiveness of advertising and marketing research approach. Milky Way’s advertising Strategy Milky Way bar, a chocolate bar distributed by Mars Incorporated Company headquartered in Mclean, USA, is one of the most admired and widely renowned chocolate brand name across the world. In 2012, the company launched an ad campaign labeled ‘Sorry, I w as eating a Milky Way’ to attract targeted market to a feeling that the bar is particularly irresistible. The advertising strategy used in this ad campaign seems more or less to be affective advertising strategy. Literatures including Clow and Baack (2004, p. 231) and Shimp (2008, p. 225) identified the very basic advertising strategies, that are cognitive strategy, affective strategy and brand strategy. Affective advertising strategy elicits emotions, feelings and perceptions so as to affect the reasoning process of targeted audience which in turn lead them to take a proper action (Clow and Baack, 2004, p. 234). Milky Way’s adverting campaign in the print media labeled ‘Sorry I was eating a Milky Way’ is shown in the figure below. This advertising integrated both resonance and emotional advertising techniques. This advertising provides both resonant and emotional messages to customers that a bride is quite unlikely to be present on time when she was enjoy ing the gooey caramel tastes of the Milky Way. Arens, Weigold and Arens (2008, p. 340) noted that resonance in advertising refers to echoing, reverberating and vibrating. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to catch the imagination of audience. Emotional advertising tries to reflect emotions that motivate customers’ recall of product and choice. Emotions such as reliability, happiness, pleasure, passion etc are connected to Milky Way’s advertising message. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to attract customers attraction and to influence them to recall the brand name and thus to build brand image. Measuring the effectiveness of Advertising There are basically four outcomes of an advertising effort, they are; 1) recognition and recall, 2) emotional reaction, 3) persuasion and 4) sales responses. Shimp (2008, p. 289) has clearly outlined certain techniques that can help measuring the effectiveness of an advertising. To measure the recognition and recall of cust omers, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests Starch Readership Service, a testing service of a company named GfK Custom Research North America to measure the reader awareness of customers through magazines, Buzzone Research Company to research consumers’ recognition through TV and Day-after recall testing to test customers’ recall after one-day of the advertisement. To measure the emotional reactions, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests brain imaging of customers with help of neuroscience, self-reporting of customers and physiological tests to measure any of several autonomous reactions of customers to advertising. To m

Final term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final term paper - Essay Example Natural resources like water supplies, fisheries, forests, mineral products, timber, and even the air should be maintained sustainably so these resources can recover and be renewable for years to come. It is an imperative need to use natural resources in a wise and prudent way for survival. Richard Buckminster Fuller is a famous inventor, systems theorist, designer, architect, and more notably, also a futurist who once remarked that â€Å"normal Man is designed to be a success and the Universe gets designed to support that success. Man is essential to the success of the Universe itself† (Fuller, 1967). From Fuller’s perspective, Man and Universe are co-existent and need each other for support and success. Man should achieve success via the Universe and the Universe requires Man to make it a better place. The Universe and Man exist in synergy and through their interaction each becomes successful; there is a mutually beneficial relationship and this Fuller quote indicates or implies a symbiosis. In other words, it connotes the impression Man is designed for success and it is only up to him to secure that success. The default mode for Man is to be successful and any failure is again up to him only; there is no one to blame but Man if something goes horribly wrong. Fuller’s thinking is Manifested in his architectural designs. Discussion Although Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) has Many great contributions to science, design, engineering, and architecture, his most famous and iconic design is the geodesic dome which is composed of a shell- or lattice-structure superimposed with a network of spheres or circles on the surface of a much larger sphere. This design is reminiscent of an eggshell which is considered as one of Nature’s most efficient designs ever because it maximizes its utility and at the same minimizes the use of raw materials or natural resources to achieve a utilitarian design. In other words, it extracts and exploits natural resources at Man’s disposal but minimizes damage to the environment by using only what is required as absolutely necessary. The Universe provides Man with the natural resources he or she requires for survival and success. The Universe provides Man for all his basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing by providing him with all forms of material things and the energy required to transform these things. Natural resources such as water and land enable Man to become creative in ways so he or she can make use of them to become socially and economically successful. A normal Man would take advantage of the resources offered by the Universe to catapult him or her to success but this is to be taken not literally but only figuratively. Man should use his or her resources wisely. The wise of use of resources is conceptualized and evidenced by the development of geodesics which is the scientific and academic discipline involving the study of how to form an enclosed space that is strong, lightweight, curved or spherical in shape that gives a rare stability to a structure and more importantly, provides or encloses the greatest volume with a least surface area required; in other words, this design makes good use of the

Managing people and organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing people and organization - Essay Example The specific gap has been identified by Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010); their article entitled as ‘The psychology of rivalry: A relationally dependent analysis of competition’ aims to offer adequate explanations on the relationship between rivalry and competition both regarding the individuals and the organizations. Through the above study, the following fact is revealed: competition among individuals has similarities with the competition developed between organizations. In this way, the following assumption can be made: the response of organizations to the pressures of their competitors is depended on the perceptions of their managers on rivalry; the latter is not just an element of human behavior; rather, it can be a cause for promoting competition among organizations – based on the fact that organizational decisions are made by individuals who are expected to use their own perceptions and experiences when having to develop various organizational plans. The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) has been critically reviewed in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses but also its contribution in the explanation of organizational behavior. It is concluded that the specific article is extremely valuable in terms not just of its subject but also of its structure and content. Article Importance The article of Kilduff, Elfenbein and Staw (2010) can be characterized as quite important helping to realize the role of rivalry for the development of various decisions. Especially in regard to the area of organizational behavior, the specific article helps to understand how the responses of firms to their competitors can be explained and evaluated. The value of the article for the particular field can be also identified at the following two points: a) existing studies regarding the role of rivalry in organizational competition are quite limited; in fact, up today, the relationship between the personal attitudes – as rivalry can be primarily characterized – and the organizational initiatives has not been explored; through the article under examination the dependency of organizational decisions on personal beliefs – referring to the beliefs of rivals when these persons have to participate in the development of a key organizational decision – is analytically explained; b) competition is a key part of organizational activities; however, the causes and the elements of competition have not been adequately examined in the past; the article under examination offers valuable information on a specific aspect/ cause of competition: the rivalry which can be related to the initiatives of both individuals and organizations. Article’s Critique In order to understand the value of the article under examination within the field of ‘organizational beh

Final term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final term paper - Essay Example Natural resources like water supplies, fisheries, forests, mineral products, timber, and even the air should be maintained sustainably so these resources can recover and be renewable for years to come. It is an imperative need to use natural resources in a wise and prudent way for survival. Richard Buckminster Fuller is a famous inventor, systems theorist, designer, architect, and more notably, also a futurist who once remarked that â€Å"normal Man is designed to be a success and the Universe gets designed to support that success. Man is essential to the success of the Universe itself† (Fuller, 1967). From Fuller’s perspective, Man and Universe are co-existent and need each other for support and success. Man should achieve success via the Universe and the Universe requires Man to make it a better place. The Universe and Man exist in synergy and through their interaction each becomes successful; there is a mutually beneficial relationship and this Fuller quote indicates or implies a symbiosis. In other words, it connotes the impression Man is designed for success and it is only up to him to secure that success. The default mode for Man is to be successful and any failure is again up to him only; there is no one to blame but Man if something goes horribly wrong. Fuller’s thinking is Manifested in his architectural designs. Discussion Although Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) has Many great contributions to science, design, engineering, and architecture, his most famous and iconic design is the geodesic dome which is composed of a shell- or lattice-structure superimposed with a network of spheres or circles on the surface of a much larger sphere. This design is reminiscent of an eggshell which is considered as one of Nature’s most efficient designs ever because it maximizes its utility and at the same minimizes the use of raw materials or natural resources to achieve a utilitarian design. In other words, it extracts and exploits natural resources at Man’s disposal but minimizes damage to the environment by using only what is required as absolutely necessary. The Universe provides Man with the natural resources he or she requires for survival and success. The Universe provides Man for all his basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing by providing him with all forms of material things and the energy required to transform these things. Natural resources such as water and land enable Man to become creative in ways so he or she can make use of them to become socially and economically successful. A normal Man would take advantage of the resources offered by the Universe to catapult him or her to success but this is to be taken not literally but only figuratively. Man should use his or her resources wisely. The wise of use of resources is conceptualized and evidenced by the development of geodesics which is the scientific and academic discipline involving the study of how to form an enclosed space that is strong, lightweight, curved or spherical in shape that gives a rare stability to a structure and more importantly, provides or encloses the greatest volume with a least surface area required; in other words, this design makes good use of the

Negotiation with chinese Essay Example for Free

Negotiation with chinese Essay We wish to express sincere appreciation to Professor Shia Yun Chiang for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Yama (Yuehai shoe material Ltd) who’s familiarity with the needs and ideas of these team and was helpful during the early programming phase of this research. INTRODUCTION Continental Design is a company where excellence and customer satisfactory are priority. After ten years of being in business, continental now seeks to enter the Chinese market. On Thursday, June 13th 2013, some members were selected to visit the potential customers of our new shoe-soles designs to introduce and negotiate our terms. These members include Mr. Emmanuel Mlay (Financial Officer), Mr. Robin Sharma(Managing Director), Mr. Cliff Osoo (Contracting Officer), Ms. Bella Chan (General Overseer), Ms. Sandra O. K (Sales Manager). Upon arrival, we were taken in and around the factory to experience their works and then to the meeting room. In this report, we explain further our observation and findings in negotiating with the typical Chinese. This report emphasizes mainly on the observations which includes specifications, mode of conduct, styles and techniques also elaborating on how they work together as individualist or collectivism. Again the language used, what they felt at ease to say, their communication skills, relationships with clients, were also under study. However their reasoning and way of thinking was somehow fascinating and very interesting which this report enlightens ideally and strategically. A brief but very informative research was done to know our potential customers before reaching out to them. The one talked about in this report is â€Å"Yuehai shoes material†, a very renowned shoesole company in China. In the end, all business operations can be reduced to three words: people, product and profits. Unless youve got a good team, you cant do much with the other two. 1 1 By: Lee Iacocca 1 Chapter 1 THE CONTINENTAL DESIGN Continental design provides differentiated products that accelerate innovations in the global design market. With ten years of experience and commitment, Continental design has grown to be one of the strongest competitors in the field of designing. This company has also spent those ten years in developing its communication and negotiation skills. Its management capabilities have enabled it to technically handle the challenges and efficiently provide products that are best in the market. As Victor Papanek once said â€Å"Design is the conscious effort to impose a meaningful order. † Continental design was founded by a team of five engineers with one primary goal of working hard helping all small and big shoes companies to succeed through professionally enhanced designs. Today, Continental design is a full-service independent company with about 10 percent of the world market share. Our services cover the whole of Africa, South and North America, Middle East and few countries in Asia. Recently we have initiated our first staple toward China market. 2 BUYERS COMPANY PROFILE Yuehai Shoes Materials Yuehai shoe material has more than 20 years of manufacturing experience and large number of qualified senior employees who are devoted to settling problems and confronting challenges. It has adopted advanced equipment from Taiwan and main land China. The production technology is matured and reliable; at the same time it uses the original material that makes its products to be famous by their high qualities. Its domestic market ranges from Guangzhou and Dongguan where there is a stiff competition that helps them to develop new and up-to date designs that meet the market demands. It then covered the whole of China before capturing Europe and America as the first target in external market. Most recently, it has expanded its external market to Middle East and Africa as a whole, where it has entered into more than 10 different countries. Shoes are human daily life necessities. Shoes industries will never perish as long as human being still exists. With the use of imagination this company is committed to continue to develop shoe industries as part of making the life of entire society in the world better off. Address: No. 39 beicun road, huangqi, nanhai district, foshan city, Guangdong province, China. Tel: 8675785938525 Fax: 867578592981 Email: [emailprotected] net Yuehaixe. com. cn 3 Chapter 2 NEGOTIATION PREPARATION In negotiation there are few things that have to be put in place before the negotiating team or person set off for the negotiation. The factors that are mostly considered before negotiation are: ? Length of contract This is the period that the contract will take before it’s renewed again. The seller always concentrate in this factor because it affect the profit the company will make and for how long. Mostly its 1 to 3 years. This factor is important because it also influence the price to be offered to the buyer. ? Volume to be ordered After a seller has agreed on the length of contract then the next thing to talk about is the Volume that will be bought. When few goods are bought, there is a high possibility that the price will be higher unlike when a large quantity is bought; therefore these first two factors influence the price of the item. ? Price The third factor to talk about after length of contract and volume is price at which the good will be sold. In every company, there is a price offered depending on the quantity to be bought, quality and other things needed for production. The larger the quantity, the lower the price will be and vice versa. 4 ? Payment Terms and Services. The most important thing for a company going for a negotiation is; length of contract, volume and price and other things like payment terms and services comes up later. The last two remaining factors are considered to make sure that the items agreed before is taken into account in a proper manner. Payment terms are important because even if you have a long contract with large volume but payment is not done in time, you will have to lose something. Services are offered to the buyer to make sure he/she is satisfied with the goods bought. 5 SELLER’S WISH LIST. Here we made our wish list before we went to the meeting. We had decided our lowest price and the contract length. Below you can see the result of our company board meeting before going to negotiate with Chinese company ITEM2 Length of contract Volume Price Payment terms Services WEIGHT 40% 25% 20% 10% 5% RANGE 2-1 Years 500-100units/month $200-$150 10-15days 5/5-8/5 In the following table you can see that we agreed to have at least 1 year contract with Chinese company. As they are old and experience company, we believe that it won’t be any problem even if we have 2 years long contract. In terms of volume we were ready to deliver any amount till up to 500 per months. Price was the main concern of our meeting. We know that they will try to spend more time on the price negotiating and knowing we have many competitors in the market, we needed to come up with a very good price range. We also had an agreement on payment terms which should meet within the short period. Lastly, we agreed to offer them a good customer service. 2 Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 6 THE AGREEMENT ZONE In every negotiation, there are two possible outcomes. The parties can either reach an agreement or not. The first situation is where the seller and the buyer don’t reach an agreement at all, either, due to the buyer or seller not agreeing with the offer given. The second situation is where the two parties (Buyer and Seller) reach an agreement and signs a contract for the business to take place immediately. For the two parties to reach an agreement, they will have to consider their Consequence of No Agreement (CNA). CNA will either make the two parties to agree or disagree. BUYER’S WISH LIST ITEM3 Price Services Payment terms Length of contract Volume WEIGHT 45% 25% 20% 5% 5% RANGE $100-$150 8/5-5/5 Cash transfer 3-1Years 50-100units/month After a lengthy discussion with the buyer, following were the outcomes of negotiation; OUTCOME ITEM Price Length of Contract Volume Payment Terms Services DETAILS $150/Design 1 Year 100 Units/month Cash Transfer in 2 days 10 Days training Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 7 Chapter 3 OBSERVATION VALUES AND THINKING IN NEGOTIATION. When going for a negotiation one has to learn the buyer’s values in thinking. These values differ from one country or one region to the other and it can cause a misunderstanding between the two parties. According to the research we did about Chinese negotiation, we found out that Chinese are more relationship oriented than Africans and even other nations. As soon as we entered into the Chinese office for the negotiation, they offered us Water. This proves that they are more relationship oriented; they use this to build a rapport between their clients even before negotiation. Another thing that the company we were negotiating with did is that, they invited us for supper. In these acts we can see how Chinese people are mostly towards relationship with their clients unlike other European countries or America and even Africa. Before us reaching a conclusion, the Chinese people asked a lot of personal questions even in the middle of our negotiation. Some of the questions they asked were; When will you go back to your country? Do you like china? Is your country very hot than china? These personal questions that are not related to business are a clear picture of Chinese values and thinking in a negotiation. â€Å"As a general rule, it’s always safer to adopt a formal posture and move to an informal stance, if the situation warrants it, than to assume an informal style too quickly†4 4 As Jeswald W. Salacuse- (Ivey Business journal) 8 . During our research, we were also able to notice some of the things that are not common in African countries and even other continents. The first thing that they did is to welcome us in a very encouraging manner that made us feel at home, and with such hospitality, we were able to do the negotiation having been convinced that Chinese are good business people. This kind of hospitality that Chinese people give to their clients make them win in the businesses they negotiate in because the other party will feel so cared for that they can trust the offers given. Another thing we noticed in the research is the way they asked us whether someone has introduced us to the company or we looked it up in the internet. At the beginning I didn’t see the reason why they should be concerned with how we got to know about the company, but after we finished the meeting I had to ask and what they told us is, in Chinese (Intermediary/ middleman). This is one of the things that make us to realize how important Chinese value relationship in the business arena. The other behavior that we observed in the process of visiting and doing the negotiation is that, immediately we arrived at the factory, we were received and taken around the factory to see how they do their production and even explaining every step of production line. This really made us feel honored and we started to see them as transparent and responsible people, something that needed in business so much. â€Å"Chinese negotiating style is people oriented and permeated with such Confucians notion as guanxi, renqing, face, family age, harmony, hierarchy, li (etiquette)†5. 5 As said by Tong Fang –Chinese Business Negotiating Styles 9 CIRCULAR REASONING TALKING In our haste to market our designs for shoe soles. We came across various ways in which Chinese carry out their business negotiation. While most of the companies we approached exhibited the sequential kind of talking, the Chinese demonstrated the circular type. Interestingly, as we tried to obtain information and answer their questions regarding our products, we realized that Chinese, when not interested in your product would rather beat about the bush than going straight to the point. This is mostly demonstrated in the time of negotiating prices. This makes it hard to determine their stance in terms of buying the product. It is almost impossible at that moment to determine the level of consequence of no agreement on the buyer’s side. As much as you try explaining and convincing Chinese buyers who are less interested in a product, you will end up just like before. It is hard for them to say â€Å"no† point blank. This I believe is because of the long courting and relationship they build up with their business partners before negotiating. For instance, in one of our interviews, the interviewee mentioned after our refusal to take lunch with him that it is the culture of Chinese people to dine with their potential business partners irrespective of their interests. He explained that not only does this emphasize politeness; it also creates room for next or future cooperation. That is why in almost every meeting with a Chinese business man, you are served tea or water even before the talking starts. As pleasing as this might sound, it is also the reason behind the average Chinese would want to beat about the bush when not interested in the product for sale. Relationship and friendship are commonly used to obtain a better price and more concessions. 10 Herbig and Martin (1998), Stark, Fam, Waller and Tian (2005), and Zhu et al. (2007) all found that the Chinese do not rush into the negotiation, but rather, spend a lot of time in getting to know their counterparts as much as possible, even including personal information in order to build guanxi and trust from the beginning. Another finding is that they would want to end the meeting peacefully and friendly just as it had started without having to ruin the relationship or hurt anyone’s feelings, yet they have to decide whether or not to purchase the product. According to Faure (1999), the Chinese focus more on relationship building during this stage, as they need to know their counterparts for any business deal to occur. This negotiation practice might cause conflict with Westerners, as Westerners prefer to start negotiations straight away after basic greetings and introductions. Rule how to be successful in dealing with Chinese: â€Å"Be fair, reasonable and diplomatic: â€Å"If your Chinese counterpart believes that you are being unreasonable, they may not openly say so, but your negotiations are likely to stall and go nowhere. If you disagree with your counterpart, don’t simply reject their position out of hand, but carefully explain your reasoning†. 6 6 â€Å"Forbes† by Jack Perkowski (Negotiating in China; 10 rules for Success 11 QUESTIONING INTERRUPTING We’ve had several encounters with many customers throughout the years, but what makes the Chinese customers outstanding is their mode of questioning. Unlike our African customers, they tend to interrupt and chip in their questions whiles you are talking. In some cultures, this might seem rude and impolite but this is not so for Chinese. They are very cooperative, assertive and defensive. This encourages and makes the one talking feel he’s being listened to. This normally generates positive feedback. During one of the interviews conducted, it came to our realization that, the typical or traditional Chinese interrupts more than the Chinese who has been open to Western culture. Customers who deal with Westerners or Africans have adjusted to some of their negotiation skill. This we believe will go a long way to influence most Chinese business partners. Their character or attitude of seeking and asking questions is different from other people in the sense that Chinese exhibits a character of â€Å"Xenophobia which is a distrust of all things foreign to one’s own culture. Xenophile is a lust to obtain all things new and or foreign. The Chinese have become inclined to distrust anything and everyone from foreign lands due to their history of violent revolutions and government seizures and changes. On the other hand, they have also seen the new technologies and high standard of living in the West, and many Chinese struggle with these mixed feelings as they pursue business opportunities with foreigners and seek to acquire western technologies â€Å"(Pye, 1992) 12 COLLECTIVISM Under collectivism, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. Also, it describes any outlook or philosophy that stresses the interactivity between people. It is often consider as opposite of individualism. There are two basic types of collectivism: horizontal and vertical. In the horizontal type, members are considered to be as equal as possible, and share resources and responsibilities. The vertical include a social hierarchy that society member work to maintain, and people submit to those above them in the hierarchy. Collectivism in China When Mao Ze Dong came into power; he strengthens the collectivism by eliminating landowners and individualists, sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist communities. Therefore, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both ancient and modern history. Many research states that, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. First is that the â€Å"one-child-policy,† especially in the cities, it gives us many younger citizens who have been raised to believe that they hold a special place in the world. This kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism. In business point, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. For example, When we(foreigner) and Chinese, began to work together, mainly the Chinese look towards the team as 13 the reason for the company success, but on the other hand, the foreigner(us) were trying to identify individual high performers. That’s one of the different between Chinese and foreign culture. Collectivism between our culture (as a foreigner) and Chinese Collectivism is a cultural pattern found especially in East Asia, Latin America, and Africa. But nowadays societies are not purely individualist or collectivist, but some of them are the mixture of the two. Western and Northern Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are individualist. Conclusion Although there are few countries fully apply in collectivism, like North Korea, most of the countries are applying the mixture of collectivism and individualism. Those countries practicing collectivism mainly have a low GDP level, because it affects trade with the other countries. 14 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFICATION OF TIME AND PRICE. The important aspects when we negotiate with Chinese: Patience is the most important qualification for successful negotiations with the Chinese. Negotiations in China often take time because of different departments within one organization tend to be involved in negotiation processes and decision-making within the Chinese bureaucracy often takes time. By Confucianism, Chinese will not rush into any serious meetings with someone whom they do not know; trust and a certain feeling of closeness. Here is the example of Chinese negotate style we found. It prove that, to negotiate a favourite price with Chinese, obviously we need time. 1. Don’t expose too much of your interest in a product you want to buy even though you’re really drawn to it. It is better to act like that it does not matter to you and you don’t have to have it. Sometimes the sales person would tell you if he or she can judge from your facial expression that you really want that item. 2. In the first time you will never get the exact item for the price. Usually the sales person would try to seduce you by offering an unfavorable price. For example, for a necklace placed at $100, if you ask the sales person for discount, perhaps for the first time she would give you a discount like $90. Don’t take it. Just think that it is too high and walk away. Sometimes the sales person would shout at your back and offer much more favorable discounts. 15 3. The second negotiation is to reach a middle point. Try to get 45-60% discount of the original price. If it is impossible, try to get somewhere around 70-85%. Try to negotiate in a friendly way. If the agreement cannot be reached, walk away again. 4. The final negotiation will be the last attempt. Be firm and try to get 40% off. Some might finally give you 40% off, while some can’t due to different price strategies involved and store renting fees, staff cost, etc. To compare with our culture(as a foreigner), in our country, all the goods had set their fixed selling price, and most of the company usually have their own rule for market selling, therefore the vacuum for price negotiate will be less. 16 LANGUAGE BARRIER Our group members come from Nepal, Ghana, Tanzania, and Hong Kong. We speak different languages. English is our second language. We often face with language barrier within and outside the group. . Language barrier often is a big problem. If this was an outsourcing job or transcription work, language would probably have a major role, as both require clear understanding of the accents, practice of speaking in a fluent way. Cause of language barrier: 1. Emails written communication we should be able to clearly understand written instructions and reply with clear and also follow rules in a polite way. Sometimes we often wrote a business mail in a friendly tone, instead we should write in a formal way. 2. Phone Calls While working with an outsourcing partner, providing a phone number for emergencies may seem to be a good idea. However if this phone number happens to be attended by a non-English speaking person, it will serve nothing but a source of irritation. So we can think of giving the mobile number of a representative who can speak with clear and patience even if the resolution is not attained on the call in itself. 17 Useful method between different language. Pictogram and simple image are useful method as icon or sign for almost every place. It means they are efficient to give information to people without any words. They have high possibility to support the communication between two people without spoken language. Conclusion We need to use English to communicate with each other, when we were going to Nanhai to take the video, sometimes we need to use Chinese to communicate with the local Chinese people. When people from different countries speak in different languages, we often face difficulties an understanding each other. We cannot express our meaning in a proper way. During our research, when we took the train, there was problem in translating Chinese characters. So it is quite hard for us to find the way to the shoe factory. In addition, the English level of a local Chinese are mainly still in low level, some of them even cannot understand what we are asking. I think it is what we are called language barriers. 18 Chapter 4 TIPS TO NEGOTIATE WITH CHINESE The intensive research negotiation we conducted at Yuehai Shoes Materials factory widened up our knowledge about Chinese negotiation. We believe through this report you have acquired some usefully tips on how to strategically negotiate with Chinese. Upon what you have learned here are our recommendations for you to conquer any negotiation: ? Be prepared†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Make sure you are well prepared. ? Understand the cultural differences†¦. Get to know the other culture. ? Don’t be afraid of negotiation†¦ if you can talk you can negotiate. ? Show some emotions (share some burden)†¦remember, people value them. ? Be on time.. time is money. ? Be careful†¦ use appropriate language. ? Be in control†¦ don’t allow other things to distract your focus. ? Give some room for the other party (compromise whenever necessary). ? Show some vivid example†¦ a picture is worth a thousand words. 19 CONCLUSION â€Å"Deal is always better that no deal. †7 As hard as negotiation may seem to be, its outcomes are almost always worth the endurance. In different cultures where there are different goals, different point of views, different interests, different values and beliefs, different needs and different decision making styles; it takes a considerably huge amount of effort for sellers and buyers to reach the agreement zone. Both parties must be willing to give up part of their wish or lower their requirements which do not happen easily. With better understanding of both cultures of the parties involved, the negotiation will yield more significance solutions. One should keep in mind that negotiation is the cornerstone of any successfully business in the world. Despite the difficulties involved in the strategic negotiation, lets us follow the words of one of our great fathers who once said, â€Å"Let’s never negotiate out of fear, but lets us never fear to negotiate. †8 7 Professor Shia Yun Chiang class PowerPoint presentation 8a.

Uses of Herbal Medicine: An Overview

Uses of Herbal Medicine: An Overview 1 Folk medicine According to WHO- ‘Traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.’ (Qi, 2014) Generally traditional medicines, alternative medicine, indigenous medicine, complementary medicine, or natural medicine, folk medicine are all different names of locally found medicines. 1.1 Herbal Medicines An herb is a plant or plant part used for its scent, flavour, or therapeutic properties. Medical science in which use of plants for medicinal purposes is studied, is called ‘Herbology’. Herbal medicines include: (Qi, 2014) (Herbalism, n.d.) 2 Ayurvedic medicine Ayurveda, is one of the most ancient and comprehensive systems of healthcare. It is the science of life and system of traditional medicine native to Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Lord Brahma the creator of universe was first preacher of Ayurveda. Four Vedas, composed between 5000 -1000BC have info on treatment by plants and natural resources. However, till 1000 BC Ayurvedic system was fully developed, into Caraka SamhitÄ  and Suņºruta SamhitÄ  (books on Ayurveda written in systematic manner); these two books included 8(Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ga) major clinical specialities: (Ayurvedic Medicine, n.d.) (CCRA) 3 Herbal Antibiotic Medicines An antibiotic is an antibacterial agent that curbs bacterial growth or kills bacteria. Antibiotics if are used frequently for things they can’t treat—like colds or other viral infections—they can stop working efficiently against bacterial infections, this development is called as antibiotic resistance. (Bruno, 2014) 3.1 Echinacea 3.1.1 Introduction Echinacea is a group of herbaceous flowering plants (in daisy family), it contains nine species generally called as coneflowers. (Echinacea, n.d.) 3.1.2 Geographical Availability Are generally found in eastern and central North America. (Echinacea, n.d.) 3.1.3 Medicinal Effects/Uses It is called as granddaddy of all immune- enhancing herbs. It is an immune stimulant, is excellent in preventing and treating colds and influenza. Research reveals that it affirms the immune system by actuating white blood cells (WBCs-lymphocytes and macrophages. (Bruno, 2014) (Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements ) 3.1.4 Dosage General dosage range for Echinacea extract is 200-300 mg; for acute infections (e.g. Cold or flu) could be increased to 900-1200mg. (Bruno, 2014) 3.2 Andrographis paniculata 3.2.1 Introduction Geographical Availability Also called as ‘king of bitters’, ‘kalmegh—‘Dark Cloud’’, ‘Bhuneem neem of ground’. It is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated in south and south-east Asia. Mostly the leaves and roots are used for medicinal purposes. (Andrographis paniculata, n.d.) 3.2.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses It contains a number of bitter components, which have both immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory action. Studies have shown that Andrographis may help individuals suffering from the respiratory infection, common cold, and ulcerative colitis. It has an active component Andrographolide, in Andrographis, which is responsible for modulation of various inflammations. (Bruno, 2014) (Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements ) 3.3 Berberine 3.3.1 Introduction Geographical Availability It is a quaternary ammonium salt from protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids; bitter in taste, yellow in colour, plant chemical found in the roots of various herbs, including- European barberry (Berberis vulgaris), Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium)( Mahonia aquifolium)[flowering plant native to western North America], and tree turmeric (Berberis aristata).(Bruno, 2014) 3.3.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Plants containing barberine are immune stimulant; also has shown activity against fungal infections, Candida albicans, yeast, parasites, and bacterial/viral infections such as urinary tract infections, chloroquine-resistant malaria, bacterial-induced diarrhoea, treatment of trachoma leishmaniasis(both in eye). 3.4 Shiitake and AHCC 3.4.1 Introduction Geographical Availability Shiitake is native to East Asia (China, Japan, and Korea). In English called as- Sawtooth oak mushroom, black forest mushroom, black mushroom, golden oak mushroom, or oakwood mushroom†. (Shiitake, n.d.) 3.4.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Shiitake- is a mushroom used for increasing immunity, making liver healthy and regulating unwanted growth of muted stomach and pancreas cells (Cancer). Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an ÃŽ ±-glucan-rich compound isolated from shiitake. AHCC is the second most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients in Japan. (Shiitake, n.d.) AHCC may increase the bodys resistance to pathogen (as resulted in experiments with-influenza virus, West Nile virus, or bacterial infection) 3.5 Pomegranates 3.5.1 Introduction Geographical Availability Originated in Iran. It has been mentioned in many ancient texts of Babylon, Quran, Hormeric Hymes, and Books of Exodus. (Pomegranate, n.d.) 3.5.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Its juice has better antioxidant activity than red wine and green tea. (Pomegranate, n.d.) Use in Ayurvedic medicine: Bark of its tree, flower juice is used as remedy to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, internal parasites, stopping nose bleeds, gum bleeds, toning of skin and treating haemorrhoids. The seeds and juice of pomegranates are considered good for the heart and throat. Sweet pomegranate fruit is known as ‘blood builder’. Pomegranate juice is also used as an eye drop, as it is conceived to retard the growth of cataracts. (Nelson, n.d.) 3.6 Garlic 3.6.1 Introduction Geographical Availability It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both medicinal purposes and culinary. Studies done have found that when it is crushed, it yields allicin-an antibiotic and antifungal compound, sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulphides, vinyldithiins, S-ally cysteine, and enzymes, B vitamins, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids etc. (Garlic, n.d.) 3.6.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Garlic acts as Diuretic, Flu remedy, Urinary Antiseptic, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti asthmatic, immune stimulus etc. It also reduces accumulation of cholesterol, inhibits vascular calcification in patients with high blood cholesterol. Vasodilatory effect (widening of blood vessels) of garlic- probably due to catabolism of garlic-derived polysulfide to hydrogen sulfide in red blood cells (RBCs). 3.7 Ginger 3.7.1 Introduction Geographical Availability It is a spice that flourishes in warm and sunny regions like South Asia. Ayurvedic verse says that to enhance digestion everyone should eat fresh ginger just before lunch and dinner. The characteristic odour and taste of ginger is simulated due to a mixture non-volatile phenylpropanoid zingerone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils (called as essential oils) that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger. 3.7.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Study paper on NCBI, ginger inhibits growth and modulates secretion of angiogenic factors in ovarian cancercells. The use of dietary agents such as ginger may have potential in the treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer. (Jennifer Rhode, 2007) In general, ginger enhances the blood flow throughout the body, and stimulates circulation, treat nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, digestive disorder, gastric problems, constipation, and colic. Tea brewed from ginger is a common local remedy for treating colds. 3.8 Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) 3.8.1 Introduction Geographical Availability A group of researchers from Central University of Punjab, have done study using Chloroplast genome sequences, and have found that Tulsi is native to North-Central India. (Tulsi, n.d.) Varieties of Tulsi/Holy Basil: Krishna or shyama Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Rama Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Vana Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum) 3.8.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses In Ayurveda, it is termed as ‘elixir of life’. (Bhattathiry, n.d.) 3.9 Turmeric 3.9.1 Introduction Geographical Availability It is native to tropical Tamil Nadu and South-East Asia. Chemical Composition: Most important group of compounds in turmeric is called curcuminoids. Curcuminoid include curcumin (diferuloylmethane) [3.14% avg.], demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. It also contain Volatile oils. (Turmeric, n.d.) 3.9.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Turmeric is potent antioxidant, powerful anti-inflammatory agent, lowers total cholesterol, anticoagulant, act as antacid, liver protective, anticancer activity, boost immunity and reduces blood sugar. According to a study paper on NCBI, Curcumin (in turmeric) have shown positive effect on Alzheimers disease treatment. (Palanivelu, 2011) (Synopsis of Turmeric’s Healing Properties, n.d.) (Dr.Jayaprakash, n.d.) 3.10 Aloe Vera 3.10.1 Introduction Geographical Availability It is common in India, South Africa, Barbados, Haiti etc. The herb has been regularly mentioned as being used in herbal medicine since first century AD. (Aloe Vera, n.d.) It contains slippery, slimy constituents that have a soothing effect, as well as a wound-healing effect. In Ayurvedic medicines Aloe Vera is commonly used due to its antimicrobial properties. Sapnonin are the class of chemical compounds found in various plants (including Aloe Vera). It has soap like physical behaviour; it acts as anti-feedant, and protect plant against microbes and fungi. (Sapnonin, n.d.) 3.10.2 Medicinal Effects/Uses Commercial Use: Yogurts, beverages, health drinks, cosmetic items such as shampoos, soaps, creams, moisturizers etc. Scientific research and clinical trials have found it helpful in treating cancer and certain blood diseases, particularly those associated with low white blood cell counts, such as leukemia; have soothing skin and healing burns, have rashes, frostbite, and severe wounds(due to presence of chrysophanic acid); helpful in treating dandruff, acne, ringworm, gum disease . (Aloe Vera, n.d.) 4 References (2014, 05 08). Retrieved from NCHF: http://www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Folk%20Medicine.pdf Aloe Vera. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera Aloe Vera. (n.d.). Retrieved from howstuffworks: http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/aloe-vera-herbal-remedies.htm Andrographis paniculata. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata Ayurvedic Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine Ayurvedic Medicine: An Introduction. (2013, 08). Retrieved from NCCAM: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ayurveda/introduction.htm Berberine. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine Berberis. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis Bhattathiry, M. (n.d.). 15 Benefits of the Holy Basil (Tulsi). Retrieved from Hinduism: http://hinduism.about.com/od/ayurveda/a/tulsibenefits.htm Bruno, G. (2014, 01 02). Total Health. Retrieved from Herbal Alternatives to Antibiotics: http://www.totalhealthmagazine.com/articles/herbal-medicine/herbal-alternatives-to-antibiotics.html CCRA. (n.d.). Ayurveda Introduction. Retrieved from CCRAS: http://www.ccras.nic.in/ayurveda/Chapter-1 Introduction.pdf Dr.Jayaprakash. (n.d.). Turmeric secret ayurvedic recipes. Retrieved from dharmaayurveda: http://www.dharmaayurveda.com/article/2304.html?a Echinacea. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea Garlic. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic Herbalism. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism Howstuffworks. (n.d.). Retrieved from Ginger: http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/ginger-herbal-remedies.htm Jennifer Rhode, S. F. (2007). Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells. Retrieved from NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2241638/ Literature Education Series On Dietary Supplements . (n.d.). Retrieved from Huntington College of Health Sciences : http://www.hchs.edu/literature/Cold Flu Sinusitus.pdf Nelson, N. (n.d.). 20 Antibacterial and Antiviral Herbs and How to Use Them. Retrieved from www.sustainablebabysteps.com/antiviral-herbs.html‎ Palanivelu, S. M. (2011). The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimers disease: An overview. Retrieved from NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781139/ Pomegranate. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Qi, D. Z. (2014). WHO. Retrieved from Traditional and Complementary Medicine: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/ Sapnonin. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin#Medical_uses Shiitake. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiitake Shiitake. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiitake Synopsis of Turmeric’s Healing Properties. (n.d.). Retrieved from Turmeric: http://www.turmeric.co.in/turmeric_ayurvedic_use.htm Tulsi. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum Turmeric. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric