12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay

12 Angry Men focuses on a Jurys deliberations in a capital murder case. A 12- man Jury is sent to begin deliberations in the first-degree murder trial of an 18-year- old Latino accused in the stabbing death of his father, where a guilty verdict means automatic death sentence. The case appears to be open-and-shut: The defendant has a weak alibi; a knife he claimed to have lost is found at the murder scene; and several witnesses either heard screaming, saw the killing or the boy fleeing the scene. Eleven of the Jurors immediately vote guilty; only Juror No. Mr. Davis) casts a not guilty vote. At first Mr. Davis’ bases his vote more so for the sake of discussion after all, the Jurors must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. As the deliberations unfold, the story quickly becomes a study of the Jurors’ complex personalities (ranging from wise, bright and empathetic to arrogant, prejudiced and merciless), preconceptions, backgrounds and interaction s. That provides the backdrop to Mr. Davis’ attempts in convincing the other Jurors that a â€Å"not guilty’ verdict might be appropriate. A huge feel of the film is gotten through the time period it took place in. People’s views on race were made very publicly within the Jury. Many of them seemed to have personal vendettas against different races. They deemed the boys Hispanic race to be slum and nothing more than that. A universal problem that is shown in several ways throughout the film is personal prejudice getting in the way of Judgment. Juror number ten’s reason for saying the accused boy was guilty was because he felt people from slums should not be trusted and that they kill one and another for fun. His prejudice lead him to discriminate against the boy initially by voting guilty earlier in the film, before being convinced in voting not guilty. This was during the civil rights era and all of that. We all know blacks weren’t treated equally and this makes it apparent that it wasn’t easy for any minority within the US. Theyd rather lock them up and throw away the key than give them a fair trial. Tensions run high the second the Jury went into the private room to deliberate. It was a very hot day outside and the fan wasn’t working nor would the windows open. No man wanted to spend more time than what they thought would be efficient to determine the verdict. Some even spoke about their plans for right after, thinking it would be a sure bet theyd be out of there soon with the whole night ahead of them. They were wrong. From then on the film turned into an example straight out of a sociology textbook. Everyone didn’t deviate from the norm of the group†¦ All except one, Juror #8. The rest of the Jury was outraged and deemed him a radical. They could not believe two things. One, that he voted not guilty, and second, hat he went against the group norm. He tried not one bit to conform. Rather, he stood up in grand fashion and presented his doubts to his fellow Jurors. Slowly but surely his grand scheme was working. He did not know for sure whether he was guilty or not guilty, but he had a reasonable doubt and that’s all about what the justice system stands tor. It’s so interesting when you bring a group o t 12 random people into a setting like a Jury and see what you come up with. All of these men, from different walks of life , they all brought something special to the table that was ital to their key decision. The sociological theory that tone of this film could easily fall under is the conflict perspective. At the very beginning, viewers can clearly see the tension is between the Jurors whom most have a personal prejudice against the boy for certain reason. Some Jurors simply expected that a boy from the slums would commit an act like that they were stereotyping that all people who come from slums are criminals. Even if a person is not personally prejudiced against and individual or group, stereotypes can have them make discriminatory actions such as vote guilty. The reason most of the Jurors stereotyped the actions of the accused boys is because of socialization. The way of transmission was most likely through media; crimes shown by television new or new papers are frequently from neighborhood of low economics standing. Deviance a topic I touched on earlier, is another sociological aspect that can be examined in this film. Deviance is a very relative term where depending on the group and situation, it varies. Juror 8 was the only that felt from the beginning the boy was not guilty. When the first vote most of the other Jurors by he fact he could think the boy was innocent and even were upset at him for thinking that. As the film progressed the Jurors began changing their votes, eventually the roles were reversed; Juror number 3 appear to be the one committing the deviant act since it is revealed his own reason for voting guilty is because of issues with his own son. One of the most important things I learned in observing the sociological aspects of this film is how easy norms can change. The norms of eleven out of the twelve men voted guilty, changed entirely to guilty as the film came to a chose.

Trendsetter: Negotiation and Term Sheets

Entrepreneurial Finance: Negotiating with Venture Capitalists: Trendsetter Inc. TEACHING ENTREPRENEURIAL THOUGHT & ACTION 20 March 2012 Richard T. Bliss, PhD Trendsetter Inc. Learning Objectives 1. The entrepreneur/VC relationship 2. Exposure to deal term sheets 3. Moving beyond valuation 4. VC negotiations 2 The Entrepreneur/VC Relationship Entrepreneur VC 3 The Entrepreneur/VC Relationship †¢ Provisions to address adverse selection ? due diligence ? staging/milestones ? se of convertible preferred shares †¢ Provisions to facilitate monitoring/control ? rights to information and board seat ? employment contracts and termination rights †¢ Provisions to enable harvesting †¢ Protection of standing ? anti-dilution provision ? preemptive rights and right of first refusal 4 Case Discussion Questions 1. Calculate the pre- and post-money valuations for Trendsetter under both term sheets. 2. What would the payoffs to the founders and the VC be if Trendsetter is acquired i n a transaction that values the firm at $10 million? 25 million? 3. What are the main differences and similarities between the two term sheets? 4. If you were the entrepreneur and could not negotiate any of the terms in either sheet, which one would you prefer and why? 5. How would you seek to alter the terms in each term sheet during negotiations with the venture capitalists? 5 Trendsetter Inc. Overview 6 Term Sheets: Key Provisions 1. Valuation 2. Dividends 3. Liquidation preference 4. Election of directors 7 Valuation – Mega 8 Valuation – Alpha 9 Dividend – Mega 10Dividend – Alpha 11 Liquidation Preference – Mega 12 Liquidation Preference – Alpha 13 $45 Liquidation Preference and Investor Value $40 $35 Value of Ownership Stake $30 $25 $20 Alpha: Series A $15 $10 $5 $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 Alpha: Founders Mega: Series A Mega: Founders Venture Value 14 Election of Directors – Mega 15 Election of Directors – Alpha 16 Scorecard Provision 1. Valuation 2. Dividends Winner Reason(s) 3. Liquidation 4. Directors 17 Trendsetter Inc. Questions? 18

Filipino Migrant Woman

Migration When the Light of Home is Abroad: Unskilled Female Migration and the Filipino Family * The article focuses on the Filipino female population migrating to Singapore and the difficulties they face while in their host country. Through interviews and extensive research the authors explore the relationships between Filipino migrant women and their families.The authors state, â€Å"Specifically, we explore how migrant women and their family members define and negotiate family ideals, gender identities and family relationships, given the family’s transnational configuration. In other words, with women – regarded as the â€Å"light of the home† (ilaw ng tahanan) – away from the family, how is family constituted and family life crafted by its constituent members both at home and abroad? † (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 199). * The idea of transnational family, having a bond while living in a host country, is interrelated with labour migrants.The authors define s transnational family as, â€Å"one where core members are distributed in two or more nation states but continue to share strong bonds of collective welfare and unity – is a strategic response to the changing social, economic and political conditions of a globalizing world† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 199). * Female migrants are constantly negotiating their identity and their role in their host countries which leads them to maintain ties through engaging actively or disengaging themselves from their families. Long distance calls from the migrant to the families is an example of active pursuit.The authors describe this constant negotiation of a migrant’s identity as â€Å"relativising† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 200). The concept of â€Å"relativising† could also be formed through cultural differences from host countries. * Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka are three countries in Southeast Asia which encompass the largest amount of female migration. The authors states, â€Å"The Philippines is one of three countries in Asia where women migrants comprise between 60 and 80 percent of legal migrants deployed to other countries every year† (Asis, Huang, Yeoh 203).Filipino women migrants increased due to a shift in labour needs during the 1980s. * The author’s research provides interviews with female migrants and their families in Singapore and Philippines. The interview raises awareness of female migrant’s loss of connectivity with family members, especially children. Many children felt the absence of their mother shaped their family relationship in a negative context. In one example, two male children dropped out of school and upon their mother’s arrival the children returned back to school.In this case the mother is seen as the enforcer which entails drives the children to attend school. The lack of face to face interaction between the female migrant and her family causes negative consequences to the migrant hers elf as well as her family. * The article also discusses the positive outcomes for female migrants while in their host country. Many of the migrants felt empowered by being able to provide a better life for their family. Many of the women provide remittances which in turn allowed for rebuilding of homes, school expenses, and food.Another positive outcome for female migrants was the respect they embraced from their husbands upon returning to their country of origin. Questions * How does the reconfiguration gender role affect female labour migrants while in their host country? * Filipino female migration alters the â€Å"family relationship† and in doing so constructs a gap between the mothers and children. Is the economical factor worth the risk of losing the bond between the migrant’s children and the migrant hence affecting education for the children? * Can labour migrants maintain a sense of family and does the term â€Å"family† alter when absent from the coun try of origin?

Geological history of Western side of North Yorkshire Essay

Geological history of Western side of North Yorkshire - Essay Example The area is largely composed of valleys which drain most of the Pennine moorland and it is composed of other smaller dales supporting the same course (Lott 1983). Generally, the geology of the area is composed of the carboniferous strata with its nature in the Lithological form experiencing successive changes right from the north of the area to the south (Dunham, Stubblefield & James 1944). This is necessitated by the fact that there are major fault lines separating the two regions forming the topography of the area in addition to the intrusion of the granite forming the deepest depth which creates the mountain ranges of the area including the Black Hills. The rocks of the area are of different ages with the old rocks majorly being composed of the lower Paleozoic age underlying the carboniferous dynamisms, which covers most of the area. The Paleozoic aged rocks, on the other hand, crop out slightly in the western fringes in form of small inliers in areas such as the craven moor, stum p cross caverns and the high crag. The opposite of the topography is the side composed of the hills with the exposure of the rocks in the west deeply buried making the two regions distinct in terms of the geological makeup (Ashbourn 2010). Furthermore, in the western side of the North Yorkshir

Smoking Cessation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Smoking Cessation - Research Paper Example Some other things that the author did was making observations in the field, which included paying close attention to the conversation between the patients and the nurses, making observation of the signs that were placed within the walls of the wards that were in relation with the tobacco restrictions as well as taking of notes of resources that addressed cessation. Some of the documents that were collected during this study included; patient care forms, admission forms, referral forms, and patient’s referral materials. Areas like designated smoking zones were also observed and further photographed. At some point, unstructured questionnaires were presented to the nurses, which lasted for between 10 to 30 minutes. The ethnographic analysis used a process known as non-linear inductive. This included sorting, coding, theorizing as well as reflection upon analytic process. The data set in this study included documents, hand recorded conversation, field notes as well as the photographs that were captured designated smoking zones. At first, several data sets were reviewed. After that, the data was coded with the help of key concepts that facilitated retrieval as well s comparison between two sites. Other more reviews were conducted, which was then used to conceptualize the whole concept. The use of conversation in observation presents some bias. This is because the individuals involved in the process may assume different roles when they realize that they are being studied. This is one of the challenges that the ethnographer faced while collecting data. Taking of photos presented a good opportunity for the ethnographer to find the information they needed in their natural setting. Use of unstructured questionnaire was a good attribute to ensure that the qualitative analysis was conclusively done. The ethnographer noted that while the nurses were talking about tobacco in hospital environment, struggle was made to make

Languages Reflect Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Languages Reflect Societies - Essay Example This word still aptly describes the hypothesis up to these days attracting continued studies about the relationship between language, thought and culture. Its strong version called Linguistic Determinism, posits that â€Å"people’s thoughts are determined by categories made available by their language† (Pinker, 1994, p. 57), that â€Å"language may determine our thinking patterns† (Liang, 2011, pp. 569-570), or that â€Å"one cannot think outside the confines of their language† (He, 2011, p. 562). Linguistic Relativity which is its weaker version, maintains that â€Å"differences among languages cause differences in thoughts of their speakers† (Pinker, 1994, p.57). Among the articles that I have read, I summarized the strengths and weakness of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis in Table 1. Pinker (1994) thoroughly debunked the hypothesis in his book The Language Instinct. From the circumstances that contributed to Whorf’s formation of the hypothesis – to the two aspects of the theory, the strong and weak versions, Pinker (1994) questioned them all using anthropological and logical reasoning and results of empirical studies. As Pinker (1994, p. 67) have said, â€Å"Linguistic determinism is just a conventional absurdity†. Liang (2011) also examined the same hypothesis and came up with views similar to the ones maintained by Pinker. The study of Chi-Shing and Altarriba (2008) yielded a result contrary to the theory. Though He (2011) in his study acknowledged the shortcomings of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis due to lack of empirical evidences, he focused on cross-cultural communication which made the hypothesis in one way, promote cultural diversity. If there are studies that question the authenticity of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, there are studies that support the views of Sapir and Whorf. One such study is that of Kodish (2003). As he penned it, Whorf â€Å"did not posit a language isolated from human behavior-in-a-culture as the sole, one-directional, single-valued

The financial statements of XYZ Corporation Essay

The financial statements of XYZ Corporation - Essay Example The employer receives a tax deduction equaling his contribution in the employee’s defined contribution plan. The employees benefit from deduction of contribution from pre-tax salary, which enables them to save taxes and fund the retirement plan with the gross amount. The tax continues to be deferred until the plan is distributed and therefore there remain opportunities for fast investment growth. The advantages for defined contribution plan are that this plan allows the employees to save the tax payments until the plan is withdrawn, employees also benefit from employer contribution into the fund, the employees will have the opportunity after the retirement to either receive the entire amount or a series of payment over their entire life etc. The major advantage for employer underlying this plan is that it enables him to evade the risk of investment and also the burden of plan contribution is shared between the employer and the employees. Its major disadvantage is the complexit y and strictness of the rules concerning the plan administration (Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans, 2005). Being the one who establishes the pension plan, an employer is expected to administer it and meet its requirements. The employer will monitor and supervise the investment poured into the plan and review the growth of funds. Moreover, he is also required to provide periodical information to the employees concerning the operation and status of the invested funds (Retirement Plan Basics, n.d. retrieved 08.09.06)

Smoking cigarettes is deadly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smoking cigarettes is deadly - Essay Example Over half of all long-term smokers eventually die of a smoking-related disease. Smoking affects many parts of the body; both internally, e.g. increased risk of infertility, impotence and reduced sperm count, and externally, e.g. dry skin, smelly breath and stained teeth. In the short-term, smokers are prone to suffer from a shortness of breath as less oxygen gets transported to the lungs. Long-term, there is increased risk of respiratory problems, e.g. chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma. Smokers also have lower level of antioxidants in the blood to repair damaged cells than non-smokers. This makes them less immune to viruses, which weaken their natural defences. The Surgeon General Report (2010) also highlights that thousands of non-smokers die each year from heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory infections due to breathing in second hand smoke. The scientific link between health risks and second hand smoke is now so strong that a number of countries including the UK have banned all forms of smoking in public places such as restaurants and cinemas. I now wish to turn my attention to 2 of the most well known harmful effects of smoking. Firstly, 85% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and Martin (2005) states that it’s the leading cause of cancer death amongst smokers.

Leadership Journal Performance Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Journal Performance Appraisal - Essay Example In performance management, the most important part includes conducting performance appraisals of the employees by their supervisors. The current discourse hereby aims to reflect on performance appraisals in one’s work setting, including any participation in a 360-degree evaluation. Performance Appraisals Received In the capacity of a registered nurse with a Nursing and Rehabilitation Health Care Facility, one has definitely received performance appraisals from one’s supervisor. It was acknowledged that performance appraisals are meant to assess and evaluate the actual performance of individuals against the pre-determined targets. These processes also serve the function of aligning individuals’ goals with organizational objectives, and therefore provide a direction to individuals’ actions; performance appraisals help in setting the right expectations from individuals. As such, it was confirmed that the appraisal has been connected to the strategic plan of t he health care facility; as well as to the nursing unit. Connection to Strategic Plan The connection of the performance appraisal to the strategic plan of the facility; as well as to the objectives of the nursing unit is definitely advantageous both to the organization and to me, as a nurse. Performance appraisals provided the needed inputs by decision makers in the health care facility with regards to human resource requirements, salary adjustments, and the employees’ attitudes and abilities through feedback mechanisms integrated within the performance appraisal (PA) system. Advantage of Connection to Strategic Plan In terms of the benefits to nurses, these performance appraisals clearly show how efficient we are in fulfilling our responsibilities and in conforming to standards of health care. For instance, we have to ensure safety of the patients at all times; no medication errors; focus on customer satisfaction through high quality patient care. Through performance results , we are apprised on our abilities to achieve standards and objectives within a defined time frame and with minimum complaints or errors. These become the basis for promotions and salary increases. This PA model is very similar to many other behavior-based models that have been extremely successful in the healthcare organizations, as pointed out by Chandra and Frank (2004). Likewise, the current system is corroborated in a recent empirical study in Nigerian organization which indicated that such strategic management of performance by linking performance appraisal to career progression and employee participation will enhance the employee’s commitment towards the job and the organization (Abdulkadir, Isiaka & Adedoyin, 2012). Participation in 360-Degree Evaluation A very successful and famous PA method is the 360-degree feedback process which reportedly involves receiving feedback from various people working with the employee directly or indirectly. Accordingly, the process hel ps individuals to understand various perspectives which other stakeholders hold about themselves with respect to their peers, customers, clients, and shareholders (Weiss & Kolberg, 2004). As a nurse, one had been a participant in the 360-degree process through being informed of the results of one’s performance appraisal and by relaying personal comments and inputs on the assessment. One strongly believes that the inputs provided are instrumental for leaders and decision makers to

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay Example for Free

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay There are advantages and disadvantages to being married or single. Some married couples share every aspect of their lives including, work, children and marital related issues while some may opt to have a joint bank account . While this may help each spouse financially, one person always has to consent with the other before making any serious purchases. However, single people don’t need anyone’s consent nor do they have to share. Children are another thing married couples and single people have to consider. Having children can be a great thing, especially with someone there to help share the responsibility of raising those children. Whereas, single people may ultimately struggle with things such as, child care, the cost of raising a child on their own, and being the responsible party. Goals are also a big factor, because some married couples have a hard time agreeing on or reaching common goals. A single person is only responsible for their own goals and how they choose to reach them. Over time, the passion may seem to cool in married couples. The couple may not be as sexually active as they once were due to the routine each lives. They may be busy with work or kids, or unfortunately, simply desensitized to one another. Some married couples work on keeping their sex life interesting. On the other hand, it isn’t hard for a single person to keep things interesting and new in the bedroom, because they may have as many sexual partners as they please, and this may seem fun. But sometimes, for them the work is finding the right sexual partner. In a marriage, not only could you have sex when you want, but you can enjoy intimacy as well. According to [Eve Prajonyud, Single Versus Married Life-Pros and Cons] â€Å"The cons of both lifestyles differ from person to person. If you are involved in a bad marriage than single life will seem like a dream come true. Likewise, if you are unable to find someone to spend your time with, then you will likely feel lonely and frightened no matter how successful your life is. The key to weighing the differences is actually in enjoying the lifestyle you have while you have it.† (Eve Prajonyud) People living single lifestyles have freedom to do what they want . For instance, if they were offered a well-paying job a thousand miles away from where they lived, they could simply take the job and move without anyone else to consider. Married couples don’t have that same option. The goals of married couples and single people may be different. For example, a married couple may be saving up money toward the goal of purchasing a bigger house in the future, for a growing family. They may be working toward a better lifestyle than they started with as a newlywed couple. They might attain a degree together or maybe just save up for a couples vacation . Single people may choose to focus completely on their career, instead of a family. Their main goal may be reaching top status in their profession before focusing on a family. Their goal may also be to attain a degree, or saving money to travel or buy a house. There may be a difference in the career choices of married and single people. For instance, married couples may have to work around each other’s schedule and still have time to spend with one another. Single people don’t have to worry about that if that happen to have a job or career that is very time consuming. Both lifestyles can be challenging in many different ways. Whether it’s children, sharing, or setting individual or marital goals. Works Cited Prajonyud, E. Single Versus Married Life. Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from www.professorshouse.com.

The Greatest Advantage Of Mass Media Media Essay

The Greatest Advantage Of Mass Media Media Essay The greatest advantage of mass media is the power to reach a large number of people all around the world in a very short period of time. It plays an important role in our everyday lives. Mass media influences our likes and dislikes, opinions regarding many important issues, views, behavior, our values and our style. Its primary purpose is to inform, but looking at it from the perspective of the viewer its main purpose is to entertain. On everyday basis children are being exposed to television and what is on it. Unfortunately, violence has taken over the entertainment world not only on television, but also in video games and movies. For many years massive amount of violence in media has been of great concern not just for parents, but also for researchers and psychologists. In this study my main focus is on the effects media violence has on children and how parents can approach children to reduce the effect of media violence. Before we take a further step into looking at the effects of violence in mass media let us define mass media. According to Lane, by definition, mass communication is a message created by a person or a group of people sent through a transmitting device (a medium) to a large audience or market.  [1]  To make it simpler mass media is: radio, television, film, newspapers, internet, books, video games and other devices that reach and influence people all over the world.2 The three main functions of mass media are to provide us with information and entertainment and allow us to kill boredom. As stated by Signorielli, the medium that is part of everyday life and most often used by us is the television. On average, or television set is on for more than seven hours each day. Children and older people are most likely to be exposed to more television than adolescents or adults.3 According to Signorielli, the Center for Media and Public Affairs isolated physical violence on ten channels (net work, independents and cable) during one day. Violence appeared most frequently during the afternoon (2 to 5 PM), with 191 acts per hour; early morning (6 to 9 AM), with 158 acts per hour; and prime time, with 102 acts per hour. 4 As said by Signorielli, most of the violent acts that are on television may channel the message that aggressive behaviors are not actually considered wrong. A lot of times characters who commit violence are not sorry for what they have done and they do not face any consequences for their actions. Additionally, television usually does not show the realism of violence and how things would turn out in real life for a person who has committed a crime such as stealing or murder. A lot of times violence on television is rather presented in the context of humor and comedy. Such messages may seem to be acceptable by viewers, especially children, and make them think that it is all right to follow such aggressive model behaviors.5 Researchers, who take an interest in media violence, especially televised violence, and in how it influences children, have put forward four findings: The first and perhaps most important factor is observational learning, which refers to the process through which people learn to imitate role models and types of behavior, especially if the behavior is perceived as being rewarded. This process seems to be at work not only in the imitation of televised aggression among children, but also in the influence of highly publicized murders, suicides, and prize fights among adults. The second factor is the change in attitudes that often occurs through television viewing. Studies have shown that children who watch substantial amounts of television are more likely than less avid viewers to accept aggressive behavior in other children. Other research suggests that violence on television can cultivate attitudes of suspicion and images of an extremely violent world in the minds of its viewers. A third possible factor is physiological arousal, the idea that viewers are stimulated by observing violence, to which they may nevertheless become desensitized over time, and that this arousal leads to, or is maintained by, subsequent aggressive activity. The fourth factor involves the process of justification. Many people who watch televised violence may already engage in violent behavior or possess aggressive tendencies, and may then find in television a form of justification for their actions.6 ________________________ 5 Nancy Signorielli, 33-34. 6 Brent D. Ruben and Todd Hunt, Mass Communication. Consumers and Producers, (New York; HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993), 85-86. Looking at the above findings it can be concluded that violence in media has a huge effect on children, as well as on adults. But let us not jump to conclusions and take a closer look at these situations and interpret them with greater attention to detail and with reference to facts. There is a great controversy whether media violence has any impact on childrens behavior. A single conclusion has not been reached, but enough data has been gathered to give attention to many important facts. Researchers have been investigating the effects of mass media through two leading approaches: The survey is carried out in the real world and usually consists of a large group of individuals who answer questions put to them via a questionnaire A special kind of survey, a panel survey, allows researchers to be more confident about attributing patterns of cause and effect in survey data. The panel study collects data from the same people at two or more different points in time. As a result, it is possible, using sophisticated techniques that control the effects of other variables, to see if viewing televised violence at an early age is related to aggressive behavior at a later date. The experiment is performed in a laboratory and usually consists of the controlled manipulation of a single factor to determine its impact on another factor. A special kind of experiment, a field experiment, is conducted in a real-life setting. Field experiments are more realistic than laboratory experiments but they are also harder to control.7 Media violence has not just been a concern of parents, researchers and psychologists, but also of government. All the studies that have been conducted over the years have been done so through laboratory experiments and field studies. According to the article Research on the Effects of Media Violence, hundreds of studies conducted over the years proof that exposure to media violence causes children to behave more aggressively and affects them as adults years later.8 The article also mentions that in 1956, a laboratory experiment has been conducted on 24 ___________________________ 7 Joseph R. Dominick, The Dynamics of Mass Communication; 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990), 530-531. 8 Media Awareness Network, Research on the Effects of Media Violence, (2010), http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence.cfm . children. Researchers have divided these children into two equal groups. The research focused on children watching television, in this case cartoons and their behavior afterwards. One of the groups watched an episode of Woody Woodpecker, which contained violent acts, and the other watched an episode of The Little Red Hen, which was free of violence. Afterwards all 24 children were taken into the same room to play. The researchers have noticed that boys and girls, who have seen, Woody Woodpecker, acted more violently than children that have seen the non-violent one. Children who have seen an episode of Woody Woodpecker were more violent toward other children and were the ones to break things. The article Research on the Effects of Media Violence mentions, Jeffrey Johnson, a professor at the University of Columbia, who for 17 years has observed 707 different families in upstate New York. He started in 1975 and concluded his studies in 2002. As a result he declared that boys and girls w ho were exposed to a few hours of television on daily basis were more likely to be aggressive as adults. He stated that 60 percent of those children were more likely to get into fights and be aggressive toward others.9 As stated by Hunt, over the years the government has commissioned studies to prove that media violence contributes towards aggressive behavior in children. In the 1960s two commissions have been set up by the government the National Commission on the Cause and Prevention of Violence and the Surgeon Generals Scientific Advisory Committee on TV and Social Behavior to take up studies in how media violence affects children. Two methods, laboratory experiments and field studies, were used in those studies. As a result it has been determined that viewing violence on TV contributes to violent or aggressive behavior in viewers. 10 Going back to what the researchers have found Smith states that, observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a form of learning in which people acquire new behavior by watching someone else perform that behavior. The person performing the behavior is known as the model, and the learner is known as the observer.11 Observational learning is the process of children imitating characters from TV and their behaviors. According to Dominick, the best known observational learning researcher is Albert Bandura and his experiment with a rubber doll called Bobo doll.12 ____________________________ 9 Media Awareness Network, http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence.cfm . 10 Brent D. Ruben and Todd Hunt, 83. 11 S.E. Smith, What is observational learning?, (September 8, 2010), http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-observational-learning.htm. 12 Joseph R. Dominick, 540. Through the experiment that has been conducted in the 1960s by Albert Bnadura and his co-workers showed that violence on TV and movies were serving as a school of violence.13 As stated by Dominick, in one of the experiments, that Bandura performed, preschool children were seated in front a film in which a person acted aggressively towards a rubber doll. Children who have seen the film and were placed in the same situation with the rubber doll acted quite more violently towards the doll than those children who have not seen the film before. In recent years a similar experiment has been conducted except this time a human being dressed as a clown took over the role of the rubber doll. A large number of children attacked the clown with aggression although it was a smaller number than in the case of the rubber doll. However, this only pertains to the children who have seen the film. Those who have not seen it did not take up such actions. It has also been concluded from this experiment th at children who were given a prize for being aggressive and who saw that the people in the movie were also being rewarded for it were far more violent.14 This experiment showed that children imitate actions that they see on TV. They want to be and act alike because they think it is acceptable to do so. I think that parents play a large role here since it is their duty to talk to their children and help them distinguish right from wrong. To argue the other side of this experiment, Dominick states, there is some evidence to suggest that media violence may not be entirely responsible for aggressive behavior in children. To begin with, films that are made for such experiments, as the one with the Bobo doll, are produced especially for that experiment. They are often short in length and focus on a single situation. The film usually does not show the motives for that kind of action and the consequences that may take place after. The other point to consider is the amount of violence that children were exposed to before since it may also have an impact on how they act. If they find themselves in a surrounding that is similar, they will feel more comfortable watching it and are more likely to behave aggressively.15 Viewers who are exposed to a massive amount of media violence, according to Anderson, are more likely to think of the world as the place where violence is the only way to get what we want and that it is composed of brutality and fear. Children who are in constant contact _______________________ 13 Joseph R. Dominick, 540. 14 Joseph R. Dominick, 541. 15 Joseph R. Dominick, 541. with media violence are more likely to accept violence in other children.16 To better understand why violence in mass media may have an influence on children we have to look at the amount of time that children are being exposed to such mediums every day. In the past few years, the amount of violence in mass media has greatly increased, and the amount of time that children spent in front of the television, playing video games and watching action shows.17 According to Shapley and the survey that has been conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation, todays kids are working the equivalent of a full-time job consuming media: 7 hours and 38 minutes every day, on average. 18 These days it seems that media devices have taken over childrens lives, but that should not be a surprise since we live in a world filled with technological devices. It is more a matter of how much time parents allow their children to be exposed to such devices. Hutton stated that, the other thing that has been of great concern is that children have become masters of multitasking. They are able t o divide their attention between two or more devices at the same time.19 Counting each device separately, these kids have found a way to cram in a total of 10 hours and 45 minutes of media content into those 7 and a half hours. 20 During that time children will witness hundreds of violent acts and for many it will be difficult to tell the difference of what is real and what is fiction. According to the article Violence in Media Entertainment, two professors from Laval University, Guy Paquette and Jacques de Guise, have carried out a study from 1993 until 2001. They have examined various programs, including children programming, on six Canadian television networks. Their studies have shown that the number of violence acts on television has risen by 378 per cent that is between the years 1993 and 2001. Violence acts on television have not just increased in number, but also in quality. Media violence has become more brutal, bloodier, uglier and due to great technology more realistic.21 Many times it is shown on TV that violence is a good and adequate way to get what you ______________________ 16Craig A. Anderson, et al., The Influence of Media Violence on Youth; Vol. 4, No. 3 (December 2003), http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf . 17Lindsay Hutton, The M2 Generation. Are Your Kids Too Dependent on the Media? http://life.familyeducation.com/computers/television/65248.html. 18 Dan Shapley, Kids Spend Nearly 55 Hours a Week Watching TV, Texting, Playing Video Gamesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, (January 20, 2010) http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/kids-television-47102701. 19Lindsay Hutton, http://life.familyeducation.com/computers/television/65248.html. 20 Lindsay Hutton, http://life.familyeducation.com/computers/television/65248.html. 21 Media Awareness Network (2010), Violence in Media Entertainment, http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/violence/violence_entertainment.cfm want. According to the article How TV Affects your Children, youngsters are usually taught to copy the actions of good guys, but these good guys sometimes push themselves to violent acts themselves to achieve something. All parents teach their children that kicking, hitting or biting is wrong. On the other hand we see that television shows kids otherwise; it shows them that it is acceptable for good guys to do so. Who are the children to believe? All this may lead children to become confused and disorientated. Since many children want to imitate their favorite TV characters they may push themselves to aggressive behaviors to get want they want, moreover, they may feel unsafe in their environment and fear that something bad may come their way. 22 Children who are exposed to massive amounts of violence are less likely to feel any sympathy for victims of violent acts. They may get the impression that being a victim is all right. According to Cardwell and Flanagan: Under normal conditions, anxiety about violence inhabits its use. Media violence may, however, stimulate aggressive behavior by desensitizing children to the effects of violence. The more televised violence a child watches, the more acceptable aggressive behavior becomes for the child. Frequent viewing of television violence may cause children to be less anxious about violence. Therefore those who become desensitized to violence may perceive it as normal and be more likely to engage in violence themselves. 23 Due to the massive exposure of media violence children become desensitized to real acts of violence. This exposure decreases the feeling of empathy and concern towards victims of real violence. Children, who watch tremendous amount of media violence, become indifferent to media violence and in the long run to the violence and victims of violence in real life. According to Gelletly and a study that Dr. David Satcher has conducted, Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General, media violence is a probable factor for acts of children violence. Gelletly also states that in some cases of violence there are similarities and imitations of movie characters that the children saw. Let us look at the year 1993, when a two-year-old child was kidnapped and murder by two eleven-year-old boys. This crime has occurred after the ______________________ 22KidsHealth from Nemours. How TV Affects Your Child http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/family/tv_affects_child.html 23 Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan , Psychology A2. A Complete Companion, (United Kingdom; Nelson Thomas LTD., 2004), 52. boys have seen the movie Childs Play 3. Those two eleven-year-old boys were imitating the main characters in the movie. To shortly summarize the movie is about two boys who try to kill a doll that is possessed by evil. Another incident happened in 1995, when a group of teenagers set a New York City subway employee on fire. This has been an imitation of a scene from a movie that has been released the same year as that incident took place. In 1998, a twelve-year-old from Maryland committed suicide leaving a letter citing a cartoon character, Kenny, from the show South Park. Another eleven-year-old hangs himself and it is believed that he has been triggered by Kennys character to do so. It was reported that a few days before his death he mentioned a couple of times that it is OK if he dies because he will be back and everything would be normal.24 In a way media should be blamed for all these incidents because we can see a definite connection between media violence and real-life. We do n ot know the true story behind these incidents and what really forced these children to commit such acts, but we can see that media violence had been an inspiration for them. Additionally, Gelletly states that, it would be a mistake to deny the fact that these copycat crimes are not in a small portion the result of media violence that children are being exposed to. 25 Media violence and its influence have been of concern for decades. Somewhat cautiously it can be said that media violence has affected children in the past and still is. Levine stated that, there is no question that children learn from the television shows and movies they watch.26 By far media has the greatest influence on our children since children spend more of their free time exposed to mediums than enjoying the outside or studying. However, according to Levine, parents can take action and lower the exposure of their children to violence or take part in what they are watching.27 Levine emphasis that the first step that parents should take is to limit the time that children sit in front of the television or spend time using other mediums, but most importantly parents should be a part of what their children watch. Studies have shown that shows and movies that children watch do not grab their parents attention.28 Less than half of all parents monitor __________________ 24 LeeAnne Gelletly , Violence in the Media, (Michigan; Thomson Gale Corp, 2005), 62-65. 25 LeeAnne Gelletly 62-65. 26 Madeline Levine, See No Evil. A Guide to Protecting Our Children from Media Violence, (San Francisco; Jossey-Bass Publishers 1998), 199. 25 Madeline Levine, 199. 28 Madeline Levine, 206-207. their childs television viewing. 29 Levine stated that, the only concern that parents have when it comes to watching television is the time their children stay up. It is impossible for parents to sit at all times with their children and watch television, but at least parents should get a sense of what their children are watching.30 Once parents are somewhat aware of what their children like and are interested in, they can develop a plan to help their child avoid the worst of what TV offers and enjoy the best. 31 If parents get the opportunity to watch television with their children they should bring up discussions about what they are watching. As said by Levine, the discussion could focus on how the cartoon character or the actor could solve its problems without the use of violence. Many times television avoids showing the consequences of violent behavior of its actors. This could encourage a discussion on what consequences would there be in real life.32 Parents should help their chi ldren understand right from wrong and help them realize that violence is not the answer to our problems and that what they see on television is not always acceptable in real life. Over the years hundreds of studies have been conducted and have shown that aggressive behaviors that children develop are the results of media violence that children have soaked up over the years. The massive amounts of violence that children are exposed to everyday make them think that violence is an efficient way in solving their problems and it may lead to real-life violence. Television has become the number one medium of visual violence. As it has been mentioned above children watch the same amount of television as if they were working a full-time job. The use of mediums takes up most of the time that children have for themselves during the day and the time that they should spend on other activities. Violence is everywhere whether in cartoons, movies, news, or the Internet; it has taken over the entertainment world and the world of our children. Parents should place boundaries at the amount of time that their children spend watching TV and limit the amount of media violence in th eir lives and most importantly encourage discussions on media violence. Parents should not use mediums as babysitters and they should pay attention to what their children watch, play or what websites they view online. _______________________ 29 Madeline Levine, 207. 30 Madeline Levine, 208. 31 Madeline Levine, 208. 32 Madeline Levine, 208.

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Capital is the main factor of every industry, a company start with capital and end with demolition of that capital. So the capital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every business, Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdowns In this research I am going to Exam the changes in the capital structure of Indian industrial sector, with a special reference to Indian textiles industry .The purpose of this paper is to determine whether firm-specific capital structure determinants in the emerging market of India. support the capital structure theories which were developed to explain the company structures in developed economies. In other words, the main motivation for this study is to highlight the role of firm characteristics and industrial sector-specific variables in determining capital structure. This is an attempt to a panel data study of capital structure determinants. Statement of the Problem There is lot of study conducted in the field of capital structure theory but no systematic study with applying econometric model and tools used like panel data are not conducted in India yet. It consist analyzing both time and cross sectional variables. There is No studies are conducted on specified sector. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enquiry through panel data analysis with considering sector as important factors. Specifically researcher tries to answer some questions, firstly which selected factors are more influence in short term leverage of a firm, and which is not influence on it . Secondly long term leverage has any determinate in Indian industry and which factors is more influenced in total debt decision. Also questioned extraneous variable like bank rate, inflation rate can make any impact on capital structure. The researcher conduct a pre study for specifying research problem. Pre study The pre study was conducted by analyzing all companies in india by classify these companies in sector wise. Assigning debt equity ratio as variable for prestudy, by Using cmie and Bloomberg database, researcher collect all companies 5year debt equity ratio and classified them in sector wise. Companies arranged under in a Automobiles ancillaries, Banking, chemical , communication, construction real estate, construction material, consumer goods sector, energy, food Agro, hotel tourism, IT, investment finance, Machinery, metal, mining ,textiles, transport and wholesale re tale sectors. Take 5 year average of all company and find out standard deviation of each sector. The value arranged below table. Table 1.1 .Result of Pre study Sectors Average Debt on equity Standard deviation Automobiles ancillaries index 1.06 3.561244 Banking services index 1.53 0.695391 Chemicals chemical products index 1.53 3.562817 Communication services index 1.54 21.75133 Construction real estate index 1.92 26.57946 Construction materials index 0.77 23.65846 Consumer goods index 1.72 8.326452 Energy index 1.36 2.520609 Food agro-based products index 1.45 7.826624 Hotels tourism index 1.33 18.53691 Information technology index 0.35 1.677905 Investment services index 0.24 1.035782 Machinery index 1.26 7.248118 Metals metal products index 1.3 16.62944 Pharma 1.63 86.75429 Mining index 0.34 6.509317 Textiles index 2.05 167.5378 Transport services index 1.68 2.88037 Wholesale retail trading index 1.68 34.62297 In this table textiles sector have very high debt equity and not ordinary deviation between companies. High standard deviation mean that in textile sector, some companies has very low debt and some has very high. It is india’s one of the oldest and major export sector too. Highest deviation and irregularity in debt is not a better sign. So need an attention on capital strucre determinant of Indian textile sector. Objectives of the study The goal of these studies is analyze various factors determining capital structure in Indian industries. Objective of the study is listed below; it is analyses three econometric model, short term, long term and total leverage of Indian textile sector. 1.2.1. Objective settled on the basis of second model short term debt leverage 1a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on short term debt 1b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on short term debt 1c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on short term debt 1d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on short term debt 1e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on short term debt 1f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on short term debt 1g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of on short term debt 1h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on short term debt 1i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on short term debt 1j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on short term debt 1.2.2. Objective settled on the basis of second model long term debt leverage 2a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on long term debt 2b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on long term debt 2c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on long term debt 2d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on long term debt 2e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on long t term debt 2f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on long t term debt 2g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of inflation on long t term debt 2h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on long term debt 2i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on long term debt 2j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on long term debt 1.2.3. Objective settled on the basis of Third model total debt leverage 3a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on total debt 3b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on total debt 3c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on total debt 3d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on total debt 3e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on total debt 3f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on total debt 3g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of on total debt 3h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on total debt 3i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on total debt 3j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on total debt Hypotheses The hypotheses of this research are set on the basis of above said objectives. Indian textiles companies on short term debt H01a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on short term debt H01b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on short term debt H01c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on short term debt H01d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on short term debt H01e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on short term debt H01f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on short term debt H01g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on short term debt H01h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on short term debt H01i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on short term debt H01j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on short term debt Indian textiles companies on long term debt H02a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on long term debt H02b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on long term debt H02c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on long term debt H02d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on long term debt H02e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on long term debt H02f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on long term debt H02g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on long term debt H02h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on long term debt H02i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on long term debt Indian textiles companies on total debt H03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on Total debt H03a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on Total debt H03b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on Total debt H03c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on Total debt H03d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on Total debt H03e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on Total debt H03f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on Total debt H03g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on Total debt H03h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on Total debt H03i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on Total debt H03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on Total debt Significance and Scope of the study Capital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every business; Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdowns. So researching about capital structure determinant is important. Especially in current condition, India is developing and emerging market, and also attracting capital with outside capita by ‘make in India’ project. The study significant in recent situation also finds out which factor are more influencing capital structure determinants. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enqui ry through panel data analysis with considering importance of sector. Research design and Methodology This research is designed on the basis of giving importance of sector uniqueness, the study conducted on the base of panel data analysis, which used time and cross sectional factors. 1.7.1 Research Design This research set three econometric models. On the basis of this model three dependants (long term debt ratio, short term debt ratio and total debt ratio) and ten independent variables are created. The three econometric models are for short term debt ratio model lderit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Long term debt ratio model is sderit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Total debt model is derit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Where, Lder=long term debt ratio define by long term debt/book value of equity sder =short term debt ratio define as short term debt/ book value of equity der= total debt ratio estimate by total debt by /book value of equity i= number of companies or panel (175 firms); t= time variable (here 5 years); ÃŽ ²0=stand for model constant; ÃŽ ²1 to 10= co-efficiency of independent variables; Independent variables pro = profitability of firm defined by EBIT/ sales liq= liquidity is by total current asset divided current liability Tang= tangibility, it identified by net tangible asset to total asset gro= growth rate in total asset of a firm infl= economic inflation factors (CPI) bnkrt = bank rate fixed by RBI tax = tax liability defined by profit after tax to profit before tax cod = cost of debt calculated as interest /total outsider liability age =age of a firm; firm older than 10 years give value ‘1’ otherwise ‘0’ size = size of a firm defined by getting natural logarithm of Size ; uit =error term the research designed on the base of above said panel data models. 1.7.2 Sources and Data In this research all data are secondary nature, Data are collected by using CMIE and Bloomberg Database, some variable like bank rate and inflation are collected from Reserve bank of India website. For the research researcher collect five year data of 175 textiles companies which listed in both NSE and BSE are collected. The textiles industry is selected by pre study explained in Para 1.1.1 1.7.3 Data Analysis Data are analysed using panel data methods, which include time and cross sectional factors.. The three econometric models, short term leverage model, long term leverage model, total leverage model are analysed by various panel data tools. For analysing researcher used Stata11 software and Microsoft excel. The tools used for the analysing are listed below: Pooled OLS regression If individual effect ui (cross-sectional or time specific effect) does not exist (ui =0), ordinary least squares (OLS) produces efficient and consistent parameter estimates Yit =ÃŽ ± + Xit ÃŽ ² +ÃŽ µit (ui =0) It used regress a data irrespective of time and cross sectional values Fixed effect Fixed effect models are designed to study the causes of variation within a panel group or entity. a time invariant characteristic cannot used such a changes because each entity is constant for each person. Random effect A random effect model assumes that individual effect (heterogeneity) is not correlated with any regresses and then estimates error variance specific to groups (or times). Breusch-Pagan Lagrange multiplier (LM) Lag model test is a post estimation test it is used for checking randomness in study it assumed that there is no random effect estimates. Mainly used for choose best model, pooled OLS or Random effect Hausman test for fixed effect Hausman test also post estimator test it is used find out fixed effect in estimation. It analyses deviation of Two estimation model fixed and random model, and interpret is there any fixed effect or not. 1.8 Chapterisation This research report consist five chapters , first chapter consist introduction part it is give a basic idea about how the research is designed and including identifying research problem data source a tools used . in this chapter reported objective of the study and various hypotheses set for further research The second chapter is provide literature review, various studies conducted in same area and related area. This is providing a clear idea about previous studies nationally and internationally. So researcher can set research gap through this chapter. The third chapter is belonging to theoretical frame work, various theory related to this research are described there. It is used to providing a clear cut idea about theoretical frame and subject knowledge in researched area The forth chapter is analyses part it detail description of analysis with fixed and random methods and other test used. Fifth chapter is last chapter it consist finding and suggestions in the research . 1.9 Limitation The research study has various limitation are Time span of research is very less, so it is not possible cover all minor part of research area. The panel data collection is crucial stage, the data availability and collecting each and every observation for panel is difficult task The study only five year data it may be influenced extreme variables like economic depression and law changed Lack of knowledge and lack of expert in panel data analyses is limitation in this research Variable, which is not stated in the research may cause to influence dependant variables. Research is may not be free from clerical and human error so its result and interpretation has may vary

Janey’s Dance :: Child Development Short Stories Essays

Janey’s Dance The Doe household is silent, seemingly without life in all its rooms. Yet listening carefully, a faint sound can be heard leaking from the walls of little Janey’s playroom. Moving closer, the tunes of Lamb-Chops sing-a-long cassette tapes become impeccably clear: â€Å"This is the song that never ends . . . â€Å" Peeking inside, not wanting to disturb the natural environment of the 11 month old, we see Janey’s reactions to this â€Å"classic† song. She is standing latched onto her chartreuse play table, bouncing up and down and flailing her right arm in an infant’s rhythmic motion. Her mouth is open in a wide, goofy grin as squeaks of happy sounds are released into the air. She is, in effect, dancing to the rhythm of Lamb Chop. What has contributed to Janey’s behavior? How has she progressed from a sedentary, crying newborn to an active, excited infant? There are a few different ways to interpret this developed behavior, stemming from four distinct theoretical frameworks used in the field of developmental psychology. Each model has its own explanation of Janey’s Lamb-Chop dance and all provide important contributions to a justification of this charming behavior. An examination of the infant’s dance from a biological-maturation perspective focuses on the development of Janey’s physical structures and physiological processes that allow her behavior to take place. This activity should not be expected from a three month old because an infant of that age has not experienced the maturational changes in the body and brain that are necessary to facilitate dancing in it’s earliest manifestations. Human development occurs in a cephalocaudal pattern, thereby beginning in the head and working downward from that point. Coordinated muscle movements of the arms are not apparent until approximately three months of age and the same behavior in the legs usually not witnessed until around nine months. To allow movements to occur, an infant’s bone and muscle structures must develop from the soft, thin, fragile structures they are born with. â€Å"The bones in the hand and wrist are among the first to ossify† (Cole & Cole, 2001, p.

Essay --

ISix Sigma It is a Philosophy Anything less than ideal is an opportunity for improvement Defects costs money Understanding processes and improving them is the most efficient way to achieve lasting results It is a Process To achieve this level of performance you need to: D efine, M easure, A nalyse, I mprove and C ontrol It is Statistics 6 Sigma processes will produce less than 3.4 defects per million opportunities 13. Overview of Six Sigma PAIN, URGENCY, SURVIVAL COSTS OUT GROWTH TRANSFORM THE ORGANIZATION CHANGE THE WORLD 6 SIGMA AS A STATISTICAL TOOL 6 SIGMA AS A PHILOSOPHY 6 SIGMA AS A PROCESS 14. The Villain Cost of Poorly Performing Processes ï  ³ level DPMO CP 3 2 308,537 Not Applicable 3 66,807 25%-40% of sales 4 6,210 15%-25% of sales 5 233 5%-15% of sales 6 3.4 15. C ost of Poorly Performing Processes The cost to deliver a quality product can account for as much as 40% of the sales price. For example, a laser jet printer purchased for $1,000 may have cost the manufacturer $400 in rework just to make sure that you took home an average-quality product. For a company whose annual revenues are $100 million and whose operating income is $10 million, the cost of quality is roughly 25% of the operating revenue, or $25 ... ...n - Warranty - Scrap - Rework - Rejects 30. COPQ v/s Sigma Level Cost of Quality % Sales Sigma Level 31. CTQ (Critical-To-Quality) CTQ characteristics for the process, service or process Measure of â€Å"What is important to Customer† 6 Sigma projects are designed to improve CTQ Examples: Waiting time in clinic Spelling mistakes in letter % of valves leaking in operation 32. Defect Opportunity Circumstances in which CTQ can fail to meet. Number of defect opportunities relate to complexity of unit. Complex units – Greater opportunities of defect than simple units Examples: A units has 5 parts, and in each part there are 3 opportunities of defects – Total defect opportunities are 5 x 3 = 15 33. DPO (Defect Per Opportunity) Number of defects divided by number of defect opportunities Examples: In previous case (15 defect opportunities), if 10 units have 2 defects. Defects per

Court System of Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico had a distinct legal system to that of American legal system till the American solders landed in 1898 . The Puerto Rico’s structure including civil law rules, institutions, procedures and legal culture were undergone important transformation. There is a change in the civil law jurisdiction to the civil law-mixed law and other areas such as legal structures, processes, culture and actors. This paper examines the current legal system of the Puerto Rico and critically examines 3 states (Virginia Islands, Hawaii and New Jersey) court structures.It also provides the proposal for the court structure of Puerto Rico on par with these 3 states. Brief introduction of Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico is a self-governing commonwealth in association with the United States. The President is USA is the chief of state and elected Governor. It has control over the internal affairs and without the interference of the USA. The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states include e xemption from some aspects of the Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S congress (Senate and House of Representatives), the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenue reserved for the states. Judicial system in Puerto Rica is directed by Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is comprised of 7 judges (a chief justice and 6 associate justices) named by the Governor. The structure of Judicial System includes a Court of Appeals, Superior Court, a District Court (Civil & Criminal), and Municipal Court. There are 12 judicial districts.The Commonwealth of Puerto Rica also has a district court comparable to those of the state of US. Each district court has a least one district judge and can have more than a score of district judges, as well as a clerk, a United States Attorney, a United States Marshall, one or more United States Magistrates, bankruptcy judges, probation officers, cour t reporters, and their staff. The federal government, located in San Juan, is represented by 2 district judges and the procurator, who is named by the President of the United States. The Federal court has final authority of the ELA.Distinctive features of the American Judicial System includes the adversary system, the common law system, predefined rules for conducting litigation, reporting of judicial proceedings and the publication of court opinions. There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico. The appeal courts take the appeals from the district courts located in the circuit and also from the federal administrative agencies.The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judiciary . The judicial system of Puerto Rico is based upon Spanish Law upon which is based the on United States judicial system. The Puerto Rico legal court system includes a district court, a superior court, an appellate court and the Puerto Rico Supreme Court as apex court. Decisions of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court can be appealed to the Federal Court for Puerto Rico and to the U. S. Supreme Court as a lost resort. Hawaii state judicial system features appellate courts and trial courts.Appellate courts include the Hawaii Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals and the trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts and functions four judicial districts. The judicial system of Virginia Islands consists of the Supreme Court of Virginia, the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the General District Courts and the Circuit Courts . The structure of New Jersey's court system is very simple featuring Municipal courts, Tax Court, state Superior Court, which includes the trial courts, an Appellate Division and the New Jersey Supreme Court.All the above mentioned court systems such as Hawaii, Virginia islands and New Jersey has dif ferent set of court structures . Except in the criminal and constitutional fields, Puerto Rico’s legal system substantially remained that of the Spanish civil law . Puerto Rico state’s highest court: The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico is the highest court of the Puerto Rico, which is analogous to one of the U. S state supreme courts established in San Juan. The ultimate judicial authority lies within Puerto Rico for interpretation and deciding on the question of local commonwealth law.The Constitution and the laws of Puerto Rico determine the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and works similar way to the state Supreme Courts in the United States. It has concurrent jurisdiction to interpret federal laws, unless the Supremacy Clause requires otherwise. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico used the common law to resolve the private-law issues and later drifted to methodical research integrating the civil law into the civilian context . Comparison of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico with the Virgin Islands, Hawaii and New Jersey’s Supreme Courts.The Supreme Court of Hawaii hears appeals for writs of certiorari to the Intermediate Court of Appeals and applications for transfer from the Intermediate Court of Appeals. It also hears reserved questions of law from the circuit courts, the land court, and the tax appeal court, certified question from the federal courts, applications for writs, complaints on elections and it makes rules of practice and procedures for all state courts, licenses, regulates and disciplines attorneys and judges. The New Jersey Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and six associate justices.It takes up the appeals from the lower courts involving capital cases and cases in which a panel of appellate judges has disagreed. It also hears the cases of great public importance. The Superior Court has broad jurisdiction in addressing the legal needs of the Virgin Islands community. The Court hears all local trial matters including civil, criminal, family, probate, landlord-tenant, small claims and traffic. It also acts as a court of appeals for decisions of all governmental officers and agencies . Puerto Rico’s Appellate Courts: U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is the appellate court for the District of Puerto Rico.The Circuit Court of Appeals established in 1994 sits in San Juan and it is the intermediary level between the courts of first instance and the Supreme Court. With the consent of senate 33 justices were named by the Governor for the Circuit Court of Appeals. Most sittings are held in Boston, but the court sits for two weeks each year in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico and occasionally at other locations within the circuit. First Circuit is the smallest of the thirteen United States courts of appeals Composition of U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is five active (six authorized) and four senior judges. Juan R.Torruella is the chief judge of the Puerto Rico duty station appoi nted by the Reagan. The established procedure for the eligibility of the Chief Judge is that he must be below the age of 65, serving court actively at least one year and have not served as a Chief Judge earlier. The appellate courts for the other states in comparison are U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for Hawaii. U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for Virgin Islands and U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for New Jersey. The Hawaii appellate courts are comprised of the Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals.The Intermediate Court of Appeals of Hawaii hears all appeals from trial courts and state agencies in the State of Hawaii composed of 6 judges. It is having discretionary powers to hear cases without prior suit in civil cases or cases in circuit court or the tax appeal court and also when the parties agreed upon the facts of the controversy. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for Virgin Islands composed of 14 active judg es. The chief judge should have the same eligibility criteria as if the Puerto Rico has. U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for New Jersey is composed of 14 active judges.Puerto Rico’s Municipal Courts Municipal courts have the jurisdiction to hear minor civil and less serious criminal cases with in the region under the powers conferred by the constitution and the other law . Puerto Rico’s municipal judges, serving for five years, and justices of the peace, in rural areas, decide cases involving local ordinances. Municipal Courts of New Jersey usually has jurisdiction to take cases such as motor vehicle and parking tickets, minor criminal-type offenses, municipal ordinance offenses and other offenses including fish and game violations.Municipal Court judges are usually appointed by the Mayor of the municipality, with the advice and consent of the council, and serve a term of three years and eligibility set by the statute and he should have 5 years of practice experience. The Municipal Court of the Virgin Islands’ was named as the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands and having jurisdiction over all civil actions and criminal matters. Territorial court is now changed to superior court by means of Bill No. 25-0213. Hawaii does not have Municipal Courts.County and local ordinance and traffic violations are tried in state circuit and district courts. Puerto Rico’s Major Trial Courts: The nine superior courts are the Puerto Rico’s Major trial courts. The term of the superior court judges is 12-years. The superior courts were divided into 13 districts in 2003 and have original jurisdiction of not exceeding $10,000 in civil cases and also in minor criminal cases. District courts also hear preliminary motions in more serious criminal cases . The Hawaii trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts.The courts are structured geographically: Puerto Rico constitutes one judicial district and held at Mayaguez, Ponce and San Juan according to United States Code Title 28, Part I, Chapter 5, Sec. 119. The Hawaii appellate courts are comprised of the Supreme Court and the Intermediate Court of Appeals. The trial courts include the Circuit, Family and District courts. The Virginia's court structure has District Court, at the lowest level, to the Supreme Court at the highest level. The Circuit Courts is at the second lowest level, and the Court of Appeals at the next level.The Chief Justice and the Supreme Court will function as the administrative body for the entire Virginia court system. Structure of New Jersey's court system is the simplest in among all the court structures. Municipal courts, Tax Court, state Superior Court, which includes the trial courts, an Appellate Division and the New Jersey Supreme Court are the basic type of the courts. Judges appointment: Justices for The Supreme Court, The Appellate Court, The Court of First Instance (composing of Superior Court and Municipal Court ) appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico with the consent (majority vote) of the Senate and retires at the age of 70.The Circuit Court of Appeals includes 33 justices. Justices and judges in US are appointed under the Article III of the constitution by the president of the US with the majority vote of senate for life time . Judicial and Attorney ethical standards The Code of Conduct for United States Judges According to the code of conduct duties of judge are 1. Upholding the integrity and independence of the judiciary. 2. Avoiding impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all activities. 3. Performing the duties of the office impartially and diligently. 4.Carrying out extrajudicial activities for improving the legal system and the administration of justice. 5. Regulating extrajudicial activities to minimize the risk of conflict with judicial duties. 6. Regularly filing reports of compensation received for law-related and extra-judicial activities. 7. Refraining from politi cal activity . Attorney ethical standards 28 C. F. R. PART 77—ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT The Department of Justice makes sure that its attorneys perform their duties in accordance with the highest ethical standards through implementing 28 U. S. C.530B and guide attorneys concerning the guidelines imposed on Department attorneys by 28 U. S. C. 530B. Conclusion: The Puerto Rico courts and legal structure had under gone a drastic transformation under the U. S rule. Now it has its own court structure with some limitations. In spite of very simple court system the New Jersey's legal system is effective. Two step appellate review process in Virginia court system is also a good for the better scrutiny of the case . The courts systems of Hawaii, Virginia Islands and New Jersey have a good court structure and can be ideal for the court structure of Puerto Rico.Reference: 1. Carlos R. Soltero, (2006) Latinos and American law: landmark Supreme Court cases, Univer sity of Texas Press. 2. William Miller, (2006), Evolving Internet reference resources, Haworth Press. 3. Virginia Courts†. Virginia Judicial System. 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-04. http://www. courts. state. va. us/courts/courts. html 4. State Court Caseload Statistics, 2003, Retrieved from http://www. ncsconline. org/D_Research/csp/2003_Files/2003_SCCS_Charts1. pdf 5. Juan R. Torruella, (1985), The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal, Editorial UPR.6. Vernon V. Palmer, (2001), Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: the third legal family, Cambridge University Press. 7. SUPERIOR COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, Division of St. Thomas/St. John, Retrieved on April 2, 2009, http://www. visuperiorcourt. org/ 8. Timothy F. Fautsko, (2003), Workload assessment model for the Puerto Rico municipal court, Retrived on April,2. http://contentdm. ncsconline. org/cgi-bin/showfile. exe? CISOROOT=/spcts&CISOPTR=105 98. Puerto Rico – Judicial system, (2007), Advameg, Inc. Retrieved on April 2, 2009, http://www. city-data.com/states/Puerto-Rico-Judicial-system. html 10. Leonidas Ralph Mecham, The Federal Court System, in the United States, Retrieved from http://www. uscourts. gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2. pdf 11. Leonidas Ralph Mecham, The Federal court system in the United States, Retrieved form http://www. uscourts. gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2. pdf 12. Order No. 2216–99, 64 FR 19275, Apr. 20, 1999. 13. Marie Wayson (2008), Virginia Court System: Function and Purpose, Retived on April 2, 2009, http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/724285/virginia_court_system_function_and. html

Food Inc

H. White English 112 Mr. B 6 April 2013 FOOD INC When walking down the meat isle in the grocery store, do people stop to think where the meat came from? A lot of the labels on food will say that it is farm fresh, but does it really come from all natural environments or not? It is a good question to consider, because people have a right to know where their food is coming from and how it is processed.Throughout the Food Inc movie, it shows the animals growing environments and also explains how the animals are given steroids that increase the speed of their growth. This is dangerous for people because if we are eating this meat, it can be harmful and also unhealthy for us to consume. The companies responsible for the processing of the food, refuse to talk about how the process works, and buyers are starting to feel like the companies are hiding something and it is important that people find out; they have a right to know. Some people feel like since they are getting a good deal on their food that they don’t care about where it comes from because it is cheap and always available. † (Food Inc. ) Money is a big issue for many people, and even the people with a lot of money don’t mind getting a good deal at the grocery store. The other side of this would be that some people feel that they want to spend their money on something that is not only cheap, but safe and healthy. People deserve to know where the food they consume is coming from.Until companies are willing to talk to the people and explain what is going on and how they do their job, it is going to be an argument. Many effects are added to the film to make it seem more dramatic and real. It uses animated effect, zooming, and also rotating effect where it goes all the way around the area to show the setting. Animated effects were used to show different animals that the processing is done to, and also the list of stores that sells products from certain companies such as TYSON.Zooming effect is used to get an up-close look of what is going on to the animals, what is in their food, and also to show down inside of the machines that the chickens go through. The rotating effects show the setting in one part of the film where one of the chicken owners let the camera people come in and see the environment that the chickens are growing and living in. It shows proof of how harsh the living environment and growing process of the chickens are.Emotion is also a part of this film. It will either cause a person to feel a negative, positive, or mixed feeling on the subject. This refers to the Ethos of the film. Some people may feel happy because the way the chickens are given growth hormones means people have more food sources and it comes in faster and cheaper. Other people may be upset because it harms the animals and throws off the natural growth process. Some other people may think it doesn’t really matter as long as people have food.Each person has their own opinion, but th at is why it is important that the actual facts and processes are detailed to the people, so that people can understand and decide for themselves how they feel about it. In conclusion, the film is a trustworthy source because it has actual video of proof to back its statements up. The film talks about the chickens living in harsh and dirty environments, the way they are given growth hormones to speed up the growth process and increase the size of the breasts, and also how the cows are fed a corn- based food.All of the statements that are made about the processes of food sources, have video footage to show and explain what is being said to the viewer(s). It is also a published movie that is considered a documentary and is shown is schools, so it must be a reliable source to be used in our educational system and to have video of people who participate in the food processing. Citations: Food Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Michael Pollan, Eric Schlosser, and Gary Hirshberg. Magnolia Pic tures. DVD. Food Inc | | | | | Food Inc 4/6/13 In class last Tuesday we watched a documentary called Food Inc. This film was an eye opener for most people but being that I am a sixth generation farmer I understand how the seed, meat, and poultry corporations work. This film discussed the problems with the food industry today, and what we need to do to change the future of how our food is made and processed. In the first section of this documentary they talked about the food industry as a whole and how most of the food industry is ran by four or five big industries.This should not be how it is ran as off right now and today these companies are monopolies and run unsafe facilities not for just the people that work there but how the production process is ran. This documentary also covered the meat is being produced in unsafe and unnatural way. While feeding cattle corn is a great way to make them larger quicker, it still is not the right way to feed cattle because feeding them too much corn can cause them t o die because of a disease called e-coli.When cattle get this disease it sometimes is not caught and the cow gets slaughtered and ends up on our dinner plate and then we receive the disease by eating the meat. This needs to change cows need to be fed grass and hay, and should not be on a corn only diet. This film also covered the poultry industry and how poultry is being grown at a very fast rate and how the chicken houses are not safe or very sanitary. The poultry houses are sealed with no sunlight. Chickens in these houses are bigger and grown at a faster rate which often leads to death and disease.The last section of this film talks about the seed corporation. During this section they discussed how farmers were getting the short end of the stick with trying to battle with Monsanto, which is the largest seed producing company in America. It is bad that farmers only have one place to go for seed for crops and after Monsanto buys all the other seed companies in America where do farm ers turn when they don’t have the funds to keep running. Those farmers turn to banks for loans to buy the seed from this company and hopes that it will produce. If that seed doesn’t produce a good crop farmers go bankrupt.This documentary doesn’t state but shows what America’s food industry is turning into and is heading to a monopoly industry. The food industry is failing as a whole and America should take it back by growing and raising our own food. We should rely less on foods that are highly processed, and put more back to farmers to make a new food industry. Without farmers America would fail. It’s like my Father always says â€Å"farmers built this country, and only a farmer can rebuild it†. We need to change what we are doing to our food, in the end we are only hurting ourselves by producing poor food quality. Food Inc H. White English 112 Mr. B 6 April 2013 FOOD INC When walking down the meat isle in the grocery store, do people stop to think where the meat came from? A lot of the labels on food will say that it is farm fresh, but does it really come from all natural environments or not? It is a good question to consider, because people have a right to know where their food is coming from and how it is processed.Throughout the Food Inc movie, it shows the animals growing environments and also explains how the animals are given steroids that increase the speed of their growth. This is dangerous for people because if we are eating this meat, it can be harmful and also unhealthy for us to consume. The companies responsible for the processing of the food, refuse to talk about how the process works, and buyers are starting to feel like the companies are hiding something and it is important that people find out; they have a right to know. Some people feel like since they are getting a good deal on their food that they don’t care about where it comes from because it is cheap and always available. † (Food Inc. ) Money is a big issue for many people, and even the people with a lot of money don’t mind getting a good deal at the grocery store. The other side of this would be that some people feel that they want to spend their money on something that is not only cheap, but safe and healthy. People deserve to know where the food they consume is coming from.Until companies are willing to talk to the people and explain what is going on and how they do their job, it is going to be an argument. Many effects are added to the film to make it seem more dramatic and real. It uses animated effect, zooming, and also rotating effect where it goes all the way around the area to show the setting. Animated effects were used to show different animals that the processing is done to, and also the list of stores that sells products from certain companies such as TYSON.Zooming effect is used to get an up-close look of what is going on to the animals, what is in their food, and also to show down inside of the machines that the chickens go through. The rotating effects show the setting in one part of the film where one of the chicken owners let the camera people come in and see the environment that the chickens are growing and living in. It shows proof of how harsh the living environment and growing process of the chickens are.Emotion is also a part of this film. It will either cause a person to feel a negative, positive, or mixed feeling on the subject. This refers to the Ethos of the film. Some people may feel happy because the way the chickens are given growth hormones means people have more food sources and it comes in faster and cheaper. Other people may be upset because it harms the animals and throws off the natural growth process. Some other people may think it doesn’t really matter as long as people have food.Each person has their own opinion, but th at is why it is important that the actual facts and processes are detailed to the people, so that people can understand and decide for themselves how they feel about it. In conclusion, the film is a trustworthy source because it has actual video of proof to back its statements up. The film talks about the chickens living in harsh and dirty environments, the way they are given growth hormones to speed up the growth process and increase the size of the breasts, and also how the cows are fed a corn- based food.All of the statements that are made about the processes of food sources, have video footage to show and explain what is being said to the viewer(s). It is also a published movie that is considered a documentary and is shown is schools, so it must be a reliable source to be used in our educational system and to have video of people who participate in the food processing. Citations: Food Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Michael Pollan, Eric Schlosser, and Gary Hirshberg. Magnolia Pic tures. DVD. Food Inc | | | | | Food Inc 4/6/13 In class last Tuesday we watched a documentary called Food Inc. This film was an eye opener for most people but being that I am a sixth generation farmer I understand how the seed, meat, and poultry corporations work. This film discussed the problems with the food industry today, and what we need to do to change the future of how our food is made and processed. In the first section of this documentary they talked about the food industry as a whole and how most of the food industry is ran by four or five big industries.This should not be how it is ran as off right now and today these companies are monopolies and run unsafe facilities not for just the people that work there but how the production process is ran. This documentary also covered the meat is being produced in unsafe and unnatural way. While feeding cattle corn is a great way to make them larger quicker, it still is not the right way to feed cattle because feeding them too much corn can cause them t o die because of a disease called e-coli.When cattle get this disease it sometimes is not caught and the cow gets slaughtered and ends up on our dinner plate and then we receive the disease by eating the meat. This needs to change cows need to be fed grass and hay, and should not be on a corn only diet. This film also covered the poultry industry and how poultry is being grown at a very fast rate and how the chicken houses are not safe or very sanitary. The poultry houses are sealed with no sunlight. Chickens in these houses are bigger and grown at a faster rate which often leads to death and disease.The last section of this film talks about the seed corporation. During this section they discussed how farmers were getting the short end of the stick with trying to battle with Monsanto, which is the largest seed producing company in America. It is bad that farmers only have one place to go for seed for crops and after Monsanto buys all the other seed companies in America where do farm ers turn when they don’t have the funds to keep running. Those farmers turn to banks for loans to buy the seed from this company and hopes that it will produce. If that seed doesn’t produce a good crop farmers go bankrupt.This documentary doesn’t state but shows what America’s food industry is turning into and is heading to a monopoly industry. The food industry is failing as a whole and America should take it back by growing and raising our own food. We should rely less on foods that are highly processed, and put more back to farmers to make a new food industry. Without farmers America would fail. It’s like my Father always says â€Å"farmers built this country, and only a farmer can rebuild it†. We need to change what we are doing to our food, in the end we are only hurting ourselves by producing poor food quality.